Science and Engineering State Profiles


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U.S. total
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Characteristic, data year (unit)
Value
Rank
Gross domestic product, 2022 ($millions) 620,696 14 25,429,849
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Total R&D performance, 2021 ($millions) 25,795 7 779,953
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Business R&D performance, 2021 ($millions)
22,381 7 601,718
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Higher education R&D performance, 2022 ($millions) 3,082 10 97,681
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Earth sciences (%) 2- 4
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Engineering (%) 15- 16
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Environmental sciences (%) NA - NA NA
Life sciences (%) 55- 58
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Math and computer sciences (%) 3- 4
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Physical sciences (%) 9- 6
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Psychology (%) 1- 1
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Sciences, nec (%) 1- 1
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Social sciences (%) 8- 3
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Academic research space, 2021 (thousands sq. ft.) 6,997 11 236,019
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Federal R&D obligations, 2022 ($millions) 2,390 21 184,567
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State government R&D expenditures, 2022 ($thousands) 30,526 21 2,661,050
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Agriculture ($thousands) 2,75716 127,522
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Energy ($thousands) 029 327,116
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Environment and natural resources ($thousands) 88143 541,673
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Health ($thousands) 20,6629 1,112,110
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Other ($thousands) 041 261,758
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Transportation ($thousands) 6,22615 290,871
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SBIR awards, 2022 97 16 5,294
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Utility patents issued to state residents, 2022 5,253 6 141,929
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Population, 2023 (thousands) 10,037 10 338,121
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Civilian labor force, 2023 (thousands) 5,008 10 167,888
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Personal income per capita, 2022 (dollars) 56,813 39 65,048 24
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S&E graduate students in institutions granting research-based graduate degrees, 2022 24,299 12 798,391
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Doctorate students 9,9258 297,223
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Masters students 14,37412 501,168
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S&E doctorate recipients, 2022 1,520 8 44,136
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Earth sciences (%) 3- 3
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Engineering (%) 30- 24
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Environmental sciences (%) NA - NA NA
Life sciences (%) 28- 31
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Math and computer sciences (%) 8- 10
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Physical sciences (%) 13- 12
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Psychology (%) 9- 9
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Social sciences (%) 10- 11
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S&E postdoctoral appointees in institutions granting research-based graduate degrees, 2022 1,893 11 62,750
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Employed S&E doctorate holders, 2021
22,450 13 868,100
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Federal obligations for S&E R&D, by agency and performer, 2022 ($thousands)
All agencies 2,389,976 21 184,570,616
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All FFRDCs 0- 15,380,631
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Businesses 499,795- 49,006,641
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Federal intramural 401,393- 66,992,920
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Other nonprofits 179,807- 10,129,371
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State and local governments 4,036- 919,571
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Universities and colleges 1,304,944- 42,141,474
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Department of Agriculture 29,535 38 3,118,960
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All FFRDCs 0- 0
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Businesses 1,599- 35,669
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Federal intramural 2,036- 1,844,614
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Other nonprofits 0- 51,363
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State and local governments 113- 9,804
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Universities and colleges 25,787- 1,177,519
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Department of Commerce 8,417 24 2,007,771
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All FFRDCs 0- 19,845
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Businesses 200- 105,342
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Federal intramural 879- 1,420,699
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Other nonprofits 0- 32,712
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State and local governments 0- 2,400
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Universities and colleges 7,338- 426,775
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Department of Defense 930,149 19 67,132,737
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All FFRDCs 0- 3,022,240
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Businesses 386,740- 34,907,648
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Federal intramural 341,922- 22,873,778
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Other nonprofits 119,496- 1,692,226
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State and local governments 0- 25,630
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Universities and colleges 81,991- 4,611,218
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Department of Energy 179,997 12 13,693,751
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All FFRDCs 0- 8,705,607
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Businesses 42,792- 2,249,435
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Federal intramural 0- 1,007,045
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Other nonprofits 715- 169,865
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State and local governments 0- 35,496
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Universities and colleges 136,490- 1,526,302
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Department of Health and Human Services 919,445 12 73,666,661
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All FFRDCs 0- 719,159
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Businesses 48,535- 4,971,375
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Federal intramural 218- 34,589,487
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Other nonprofits 58,186- 6,726,787
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State and local governments 1,527- 558,172
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Universities and colleges 810,979- 26,101,681
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Department of Homeland Security 1,370 30 566,156
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All FFRDCs 0- 59,467
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Businesses 1,020- 247,799
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Federal intramural 0- 210,761
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Other nonprofits 0- 23,173
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State and local governments 0- 242
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Universities and colleges 350- 24,716
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Department of the Interior 11,276 23 933,047
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All FFRDCs 0- 49
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Businesses 0- 19,254
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Federal intramural 11,230- 832,687
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Other nonprofits 0- 6,323
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State and local governments 0- 10,354
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Universities and colleges 46- 64,382
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Department of Transportation 9,160 23 1,070,122
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All FFRDCs 0- 80,267
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Businesses 4,740- 404,438
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Federal intramural 0- 209,836
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Other nonprofits 0- 55,051
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State and local governments 2,395- 200,452
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Universities and colleges 2,024- 120,076
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Environmental Protection Agency 1,724 26 525,458
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All FFRDCs 0- 1,118
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Businesses 378- 193,789
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Federal intramural 0- 272,957
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Other nonprofits 0- 11,379
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State and local governments 0- 0
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Universities and colleges 1,346- 46,217
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration 45,338 23 11,596,466
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All FFRDCs 0- 2,340,349
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Businesses 6,692- 5,233,466
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Federal intramural 17- 1,704,926
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Other nonprofits 82- 253,687
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State and local governments NA - 6,587
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Universities and colleges 38,546- 2,057,445
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National Science Foundation 187,894 12 6,861,830
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All FFRDCs 0- 315,500
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Businesses 6,099- 481,806
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Federal intramural 0- 27,409
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Other nonprofits 87- 342,736
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State and local governments 0- 17,301
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Universities and colleges 181,707- 5,677,074
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- = no value possible; NA = not available.

FFRDCs = federally funded research and development centers; nec = not elsewhere classified; S&E = science and engineering; SBIR = small business innovation research.

NOTES: Rankings and totals are based on data for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Rankings are based on unrounded totals. Standard errors of estimates from sample surveys are not considered in developing rankings; differences may not be statistically significant due to sampling error. Data for employed S&E doctorate holders are from the Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR) and include recipients of U.S. doctoral degrees only. The SDR is not conducted annually. State estimates for employed S&E doctorate holders may have large sampling errors because the SDR was not designed to provide estimates at the state level. The SDR data are classified by the state where the doctorate holder is employed, if known; otherwise, data are classified by the doctorate holder's residence. The original source of data on personal income per capita and gross domestic product for Puerto Rico is the Puerto Rico Planning Board, Program of Economic and Social Planning, Subprogram of Economic Analysis.

The U.S. total in a State Profile and its corresponding data source may not match in all cases. Differences are due to rounding, survey scope, or undistributed data. For example, source data may or may not include Puerto Rico. See Technical Notes associated with each survey.

Beginning with the November 2023 update, the U.S. value for personal income per capita is calculated as an average of the personal income per capita for each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico weighted by population. Previous updates used the U.S. value reported by the Bureau of Economic Analysis and did not include Puerto Rico in the calculation for the U.S. total value for personal income per capita. As a result, the U.S. value for personal income per capita should not be directly compared between years.

The values for "Personal income per capita, 2012 (dollars)" were incorrectly reported as "Personal Income per capita, 2011 (dollars)" in the May 2014 update. They have been corrected to reflect the "Personal Income per capita, 2012 (dollars)" values reported by the Bureau of Economic Analysis.

The Wyoming and U.S. values for "Federal obligations for S&E R&D, by agency and performer, 2019 ($thousands), Department of Agriculture, State and local governments" were incorrectly reported in the November 2021 update. They have been corrected to reflect the value reported by the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics.

The Puerto Rico and U.S. values for "Federal obligations for S&E R&D, by agency and performer, 2019 ($thousands), Department of Transportation, All FFRDCs" were incorrectly reported in the November 2021 update. They have been corrected to reflect the value reported by the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics.

The U.S. value for "Employed S&E doctorate holders, 2019" was reported in the November 2021 update using a basis that included the 50 United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, other US territories, and employed S&E doctorate holders employed by foreign employers. This value has been corrected to reflect the U.S. value including only the 50 United States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico to be consistent with the calculation of the U.S. total across State Profiles. In addition, the spelling of doctorate has been corrected and footnotes have been added to indicate states where the coefficient of variation of the estimate is high.

In the July 2023 update, science, engineering, and health (SEH) was changed to S&E for the following categories: (1) SEH graduate students in institutions granting research-based graduate degrees, (2) SEH doctorate recipients, and (3) Employed SEH doctorate holders.

Some source data may have been updated since these profiles were created. See the source data for the most up-to-date information.

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Notes

The 2022 U.S. value of personal income per capita as reported by the Bureau of Economic Analysis is $65,423. This value does not include the personal income per capita of Puerto Rico.
amount greater than $0 but less than $50,000