Chapter 2 | Higher Education in Science and Engineering

Allen IE, Seaman J, Poulin R, Straut TT. 2016. Online report card: Tracking online education in the United States. https://onlinelearningsurvey.com/reports/onlinereportcard.pdf. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Belyavina R, Li J, Bhandari R. 2013. New frontiers: U.S. students pursuing degrees abroad: A 2-year analysis of key destinations and fields of study. https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Publications/New-Frontiers. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Bettinger EP, Fox L, Loeb S, Taylor ES. 2017. Virtual classrooms: How online college courses affect student success. American Economic Review 107(9):2855–2875. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20151193.

Bhandari R, Belyavina R. 2012. Global student mobility: Trends and new directions. International Higher Education 66(Winter):14–15.

Bhandari R, Belyavina R, Gutierrez R, editors. 2011. Student Mobility and the Internationalization of Higher Education: National Policies and Strategies from Six World Regions. 1st ed. New York, NY: Institute of International Education. http://www.iiebooks.org/stmoandinofh.html. Accessed 11 September 2017.

British Council. 2015. The Prime Minister’s initiative for international education. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.dius.gov.uk/dius_international/education/
prime_ministers_initiative. Accessed 11 September 2017.

China Ministry of Education. 2011. List of disciplines for the granting of degrees and talent development. http://www.moe.edu.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/20110401155223935.doc. Accessed 11 September 2017.

China Scholarship Council. 2017. About us: China Scholarship Council. http://en.csc.edu.cn/About/c309df7fb3fa40b3a179a7ad93f11988.shtml. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Chuang I, Ho AD. 2016. HarvardX and MITx: Four years of open online courses—fall 2012–summer 2016. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2889436. Accessed 11 September 2017.

College Board. 2016a. Trends in college pricing: 2016. https://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing. Accessed 11 September 2017.

College Board. 2016b. Trends in student aid: 2016. https://trends.collegeboard.org/student-aid. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Cross-Border Education Research Team (C-BERT). 2017. http://cbert.org/. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Cyranoski D, Gilbert N, Ledford H, Nayar A, Yahia M. 2011. The PhD factory. Nature 472:276–9.

Eagan K, Stolzenberg EB, Zimmerman HB, Aragon MC, Sayson HW, Rios-Aguilar C. 2017. The American freshman: National norms fall 2016. Los Angeles, CA: Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA.

Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA), Eurydice, Eurostat, Eurostudent. 2012. The European higher education area in 2012: Bologna Process implementation report. Brussels, Belgium: EACEA P9 Eurydice. https://media.ehea.info/file/2012_Bucharest/79/5/Bologna_Process_Implementation_Report_607795.pdf. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA), Eurydice. 2014. Modernisation of higher education in Europe: Access, retention and employability 2014. Eurydice report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurydice/documents/thematic_reports/165EN.pdf. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Ewert S, Kominski R. 2014. Measuring alternative educational credentials: 2012. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/prod/2014pubs/p70-138.pdf. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Ginder SA, Kelly-Reid JE. 2017. Enrollment in Postsecondary Institutions, Fall 2015; Financial Statistics, Fiscal Year 2015; and Academic Libraries, Fiscal Year 2015. First Look (Provisional Data). NCES 2017-024. U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES).

Ginder SA, Kelly-Reid JE, Mann FB. 2014. Enrollment in Postsecondary Institutions, Fall 2013; Financial Statistics, Fiscal Year 2013; and Employees in Postsecondary Institutions, Fall 2013. First Look (Provisional Data). NCES 2015-012. U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES).

Goodman J, Melkers J, Pallais A. 2016. Can online delivery increase access to education? Faculty Research Working Paper Series, RWP16-035. https://research.hks.harvard.edu/publications/workingpapers/citation.aspx?PubId=11348&type=WPN. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Helms RM, Griffin J. 2017. U.S.–Mexico higher education engagement: Current activities, future directions. http://www.acenet.edu/news-room/Documents/US-Mexico-Higher-Education-Engagement.pdf. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Hill, ST. 1985. The traditionally black institutions of higher education: 1860 to 1982. National Center for Education Statistics, NCES 84308, September 26, 1985. https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=84308. Accessed 15 August 2017.

Hoxby C, Avery C. 2013. The missing “one-offs”: The hidden supply of high-achieving, low-income students. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2013 (Spring). https://www.brookings.edu/~/media/projects/bpea/spring-2013/2013a_hoxby.pdf. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Hussar WJ, Bailey TM. 2016. Projections of education statistics to 2024. NCES 2016-013. U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES).

Ifill N, Shaw S. 2013. Web tables: Undergraduate financial aid estimates by type of institution in 2011-12. NCES 2014-169. U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2014169. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Institute for College Access & Success, College InSight. 2016. http://college-insight.org/#explore/go&h=7fa4d1b802454bcc5bc5e80c433621eb. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Institute of International Education (IIE). 2016. Open doors 2016: A report on international education exchange. https://www.iie.org/opendoors. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Institute of International Education (IIE). 2017a. Ciência: Brazil scientific mobility program. https://www.iie.org/Programs/Brazil-Scientific-Mobility. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Institute of International Education (IIE). 2017b. Generation study abroad. https://www.iie.org/Programs/Generation-Study-Abroad. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Kena G, Hussar W, McFarland J, de Brey C, Musu Musu-Gillette L, Wang X, Zhang J, Rathbun A, Wilkinson-Flicker S, Diliberti M, Barmer A, Bullock Mann F, Dunlop Velez E. 2016. The condition of education 2016. NCES 2016-144. U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES).

Knapp LG, Kelly-Reid JE, Ginder SA. 2009. Enrollment in Postsecondary Institutions, Fall 2007; Graduation Rates, 2001 & 2004 Cohorts; and Financial Statistics, Fiscal Year 2007. NCES 2009-155. U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES).

Knapp LG, Kelly-Reid JE, Ginder SA. 2011. Enrollment in Postsecondary Institutions, Fall 2009; Graduation Rates, 2003 & 2006 Cohorts; and Financial Statistics, Fiscal Year 2009. NCES 2011-230. U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES).

Knickmeyer E. 2012. Saudi students flood in as U.S. reopens door. Wall Street Journal November 8. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304830704577492450467667154. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Knight J, editor. 2014. International Education Hubs: Student, Talent, Knowledge-Innovation Models. Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer.

Li X. 2007. Characteristics of Minority-Serving Institutions and Minority Undergraduates Enrolled in These Institutions. NCES 2008-156. U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2008/2008156.pdf. Accessed 15 August 2017.

Lixu L. 2004. China’s higher education reform 1998–2003: A summary. Asia Pacific Education Review 5(1):14–22. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ720523.pdf. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Lloyd M. 2014. Mexico gets serious about R&D. Chronicle of Higher Education June 13.

McNeil D. 2008. Japan announces plan to enroll more foreign students. Chronicle of Higher Education July 29.

McNeil D. 2010. Japan’s globalization project stalls as some criticize focus on elite universities. Chronicle of Higher Education September 8.

McNeil D. 2012. Foreign-student numbers start to recover in Japan, one year after the disaster. Chronicle of Higher Education April 3.

Mooney P. 2007. China limits growth of universities. Chronicle of Higher Education February 9.

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). 2017. Digest of Education Statistics. U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: Author. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/current_tables.asp. Accessed 11 September 2017.

National Science Board (NSB). 2006. Science and Engineering Indicators 2006. Two volumes (vol. 1, NSB 06-01; vol. 2, NSB 06-01A). Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/.

National Science Board (NSB). 2008. Science and Engineering Indicators 2008. Two volumes (vol. 1, NSB 08-01; vol. 2, NSB 08-01A). Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind08/.

National Science Board (NSB). 2012. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012. NSB 12-01. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind12/.

National Science Board (NSB). 2014. Science and Engineering Indicators 2014. NSB 14-01. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind14/.

National Science Board (NSB). 2016. Science and Engineering Indicators 2016. NSB-2016-1. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation: Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2016/nsb20161/#/.

National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies (NSF/SRS). 2000. Psychology Doctorate Recipients: How Much Financial Debt at Graduation? Issue Brief NSF 00-321. Arlington, VA. Available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/issuebrf/sib00321.htm. Accessed 11 September 2017.

National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics (NSF/SRS). 2007. Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering: Fall 2007. Detailed Statistical Tables NSF 10-307. Arlington, VA. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf10307/pdf/nsf10307.pdf. Accessed 23 October 2017.

National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF/NCSES). 2013. Baccalaureate Origins of U.S.-Trained S&E Doctorate Recipients. InfoBrief NSF 13-323. Arlington, VA. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf13323/. Accessed 11 September 2017.

National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF/NCSES). 2016. Influx of Foreign Graduate Students and Inclusion of Newly Eligible Institutions Lead to a Significant Increase in U.S. Graduate Enrollment in Science and Engineering. InfoBrief NSF 16-310. Arlington, VA. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2016/nsf16310/. Accessed 11 September 2017.

National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF/NCSES). 2017a. Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering: 2015. Special Report NSF 15-311. Arlington, VA. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/. Accessed 11 September 2017.

National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF/NCSES). 2017b. Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2016. Special Report NSF 17-306. https://nsf.gov/statistics/2017/nsf17306. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Núñez AM, Hurtado S, Calderon Galeano E. 2015. Hispanic-Serving Institutions: Advancing Research and Transformative Practice. New York: Routledge.

Núñez AM, Crisp G, Elizondo E. 2016. Mapping Hispanic-serving institutions: A typology of institutional diversity. Journal of Higher Education 87(1):55–83.

Olson S, Labov JB, rapporteurs. 2012. Community Colleges in the Evolving STEM Education Landscape: Summary of a Summit. National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13399. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2012. Education at a Glance: 2012. Paris, France. https://www.oecd.org/edu/EAG%202012_e-book_EN_200912.pdf. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2014. Education at a Glance: 2014. Paris, France. https://www.oecd.org/edu/Education-at-a-Glance-2014.pdf. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2016. Education at a Glance: 2016. Paris, France. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/
9616041e.pdf?expires=1488556989&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=FE74694BD34679F6AF51E824C5B889BC. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Eurostat, UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2015. ISCED 2011 Operational Manual: Guidelines for Classifying National Education Programmes and Related Qualifications. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/isced-2011-operational-manual_9789264228368-en. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Perna LW, Ruby A, Boruch RF, Wang N, Scull J, Ahmad S, Evans C. 2014. Moving through MOOCs: Understanding the progression of users in massive open online courses. Educational Researcher 43(9):421–32.

President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST). 2012. Report to the President: Engage to Excel: Producing One Million Additional College Graduates with Degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/
pcast-engage-to-excel-final_2-25-12.pdf. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Professional Science Master’s (PSM). 2017. Outcomes for PSM Alumni: 2015/17. https://www.professionalsciencemasters.org/sites/default/files/outcomes_for_psm_alumni_2015-16.pdf . Accessed 18 October 2017.

Program for Research on Private Higher Education. 2011. Europe’s private and public higher education shares (2002–2009). http://www.albany.edu/dept/eaps/prophe/data/International_Data/
Europe's%20Private%20and%20Public%20Higher%20Education%20Shares(2002-2009)-Updated%20March%202011.doc. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Sullivan TA, Mackie C, Massy WF, Sinha E. 2012. Improving Measurement of Productivity in Higher Education: Panel on Measuring Higher Education Productivity: Conceptual Framework and Data Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, National Research Council. https://www.nap.edu/download.php?record_id=13417#. Accessed 11 September 2017.

The Economist. 2017. Established education providers v new contenders. January 14. http://www.economist.com/news/special-report/
21714173-alternative-providers-education-must-solve-problems-cost-and. Accessed 11 September 2017.

United Kingdom Council for International Student Affairs (UKCISA). 2013. Policy, research & statistics. https://institutions.ukcisa.org.uk/Info-for-universities-colleges--schools/
Policy-research--statistics/Student-experience-projects--research/. Accessed 11 September 2017.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2009. Global Education Digest 2009: Comparing Education Statistics Across the World. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001832/183249e.pdf. Accessed 11 September 2017.

UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2014. ISCED Fields of Education and Training 2013 (ISCED-F 2013). http://eqe.ge/res/docs/228085e.pdf. Accessed 23 October 2017.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Institute for Statistics (UNESCO/UIS). 2014. Higher Education in Asia: Expanding Out, Expanding Up: The Rise of Graduate Education and University Research. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Author. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002275/227516e.pdf Accessed 18 September 2017.

U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Technology (ED/OET). 2013. Expanding evidence approaches for learning in a digital world. Washington, DC.

U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). 2014. State funding trends and policies on affordability. GAO-15-151. Washington, DC.

Walcutt L 2016. The scholarship struggle Saudi Arabian students are facing. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/leifwalcutt/2016/09/28/
the-scholarship-struggle-saudi-arabian-students-are-facing/#76fa71551cd9. Accessed 11 September 2017.

Yoder BL. 2017. Engineering by the numbers. Washington, DC: American Society for Engineering Education. https://www.asee.org/papers-and-publications/publications/college-profiles/
15EngineeringbytheNumbersPart1.pdf. Accessed 11 September 2017.