The funding and performance of research and experimental development (R&D) activities and the publication of peer-reviewed research, an output of R&D activity, serve as important indicators of the competitiveness of U.S. science and engineering in a global context. According to internationally comparable data, the United States had the largest national R&D investment in 2022—above China, Japan, and Germany—and also remains a leader in peer-reviewed research publications in terms of output, scientific impact, and international collaborations.