Foreign institutions and U.S. research universities play large roles in the baccalaureate education of U.S.-trained science and engineering (S&E) doctorate recipients.[2] In 2011, about one-third (35%) of individuals earning S&E doctorates from U.S. universities held bachelor's degrees from foreign institutions, and 29% earned bachelor's degrees from U.S. doctorate-granting institutions with very high research activity[3] (table 1). Other doctorate-granting universities, master's colleges and universities, and baccalaureate colleges combined to account for another 28%. Among U.S. S&E doctorate recipients, the proportion with a foreign bachelor's degree increased 4 percentage points from 2002 to 2011, while the proportion with a bachelor's degree from a U.S. institution declined slightly over this period for each type of institution.
TABLE 1. S&E doctorate recipients, by 2010 Carnegie classification of baccalaureate institution: 2002–11
Year
All institutions
Very high research activity universities
Other doctorate -granting universitiesa
Master's colleges and universities
Baccalaureate colleges
Other or unclassified Carnegie groupb
Foreign institutions
Unknown baccalaureate- origin institutions
2002
26,265
7,961
2,737
2,666
2,460
139
8,069
2,233
2003
26,917
8,027
2,723
2,629
2,520
145
8,753
2,120
2004
27,993
7,989
2,650
2,768
2,585
143
9,423
2,435
2005
29,770
8,116
2,849
2,816
2,560
167
10,960
2,302
2006
31,778
8,470
2,918
2,873
2,716
169
12,233
2,399
2007
33,977
8,693
2,983
3,024
2,892
174
13,082
3,129
2008
34,927
9,457
3,185
3,048
2,863
198
13,054
3,122
2009
35,560
10,027
3,384
3,261
3,098
175
12,790
2,825
2010
35,234
10,245
3,320
3,314
3,061
163
12,096
3,035
2011
36,654
10,555
3,606
3,437
3,229
178
12,721
2,928
S&E = science and engineering; includes health fields.
aIncludes high research activity and doctoral/research universities. bIncludes associate's colleges, special focus institutions, and tribal colleges.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
Public universities with very high research activity are prominent in the baccalaureate training of U.S. S&E doctorate recipients, as reflected in the ranked list of U.S. baccalaureate-origin institutions (table 2). Of the top 20 U.S. baccalaureate-origin institutions for 2002–11 S&E doctorate recipients, 19 are research universities with very high research activity, including 15 public institutions. Of the top 50 U.S. baccalaureate-origin institutions for 2002–11 S&E doctorate recipients, approximately two-thirds are public institutions, and only 1, Brigham Young University, is not a research university with very high research activity.
TABLE 2. Top 50 U.S. baccalaureate-origin institutions of 2002–11 S&E doctorate recipients, by institutional control and 2010 Carnegie classification
Rank
Academic institution
Institutional control
2010 Carnegie classification
S&E doctorate recipients
na
All baccalaureate-origin institutions
na
na
319,075
na
Foreign institutions
na
na
113,181
na
Unknown institutions
na
na
26,528
1
U. CA, Berkeley
Public
Research-very high
3,406
2
Cornell U., all campuses
Private
Research-very high
2,646
3
U. MI, Ann Arbor
Public
Research-very high
2,205
4
U. IL, Urbana-Champaign
Public
Research-very high
1,976
5
PA State U., main campus
Public
Research-very high
1,934
6
U. WI, Madison
Public
Research-very high
1,881
7
MA Institute of Technology
Private
Research-very high
1,880
8
U. CA, Los Angeles
Public
Research-very high
1,873
9
Harvard U.
Private
Research-very high
1,794
10
U. TX, Austin
Public
Research-very high
1,787
11
U. FL
Public
Research-very high
1,730
12
Brigham Young U., main campus
Private
Research-high
1,688
13
U. CA, San Diego
Public
Research-very high
1,546
14
U. CA, Davis
Public
Research-very high
1,542
15
Stanford U.
Private
Research-very high
1,359
16
TX A&M U., main campus
Public
Research-very high
1,299
17
U. VA, main campus
Public
Research-very high
1,260
18
Rutgers, State U. NJ, New Brunswick
Public
Research-very high
1,256
18
U. WA, Seattle
Public
Research-very high
1,256
20
U. MD, College Park
Public
Research-very high
1,216
21
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State U.
Public
Research-very high
1,193
22
Brown U.
Private
Research-very high
1,188
23
OH State U., main campus
Public
Research-very high
1,178
24
U. MN, Twin Cities
Public
Research-very high
1,161
25
Princeton U.
Private
Research-very high
1,131
26
Duke U.
Private
Research-very high
1,103
27
Purdue U., main campus
Public
Research-very high
1,097
28
MI State U.
Public
Research-very high
1,092
28
U. AZ
Public
Research-very high
1,092
30
U. PA
Private
Research-very high
1,081
31
Yale U.
Private
Research-very high
1,020
32
U. NC, Chapel Hill
Public
Research-very high
991
33
U. CO, Boulder
Public
Research-very high
987
34
U. CA, Santa Barbara
Public
Research-very high
959
35
U. CA, Santa Cruz
Public
Research-very high
952
36
Northwestern U.
Private
Research-very high
949
37
U. of Chicago
Private
Research-very high
940
38
NC State U., Raleigh
Public
Research-very high
938
39
Boston U.
Private
Research-very high
913
40
GA Institute of Technology, main campus
Public
Research-very high
911
41
IA State U.
Public
Research-very high
863
42
Columbia U. in the City of New York
Private
Research-very high
829
43
Carnegie Mellon U.
Private
Research-very high
812
44
Johns Hopkins U.
Private
Research-very high
797
45
U. CA, Irvine
Public
Research-very high
787
46
IN U., Bloomington
Public
Research-very high
785
47
U. of Rochester
Private
Research-very high
771
48
AZ State U.
Public
Research-very high
744
49
CA Institute of Technology
Private
Research-very high
739
50
U. DE
Public
Research-very high
734
na = not applicable.
S&E = science and engineering; includes health fields.
NOTE: Institutions with the same number of doctorate recipients are listed alphabetically.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
Table 3 reports the top 10 U.S. baccalaureate-origin institutions for 2002–11 doctorate recipients in each of the four broad subfields of S&E: life sciences, physical sciences, social sciences, and engineering. The public research universities dominate these lists. Of the 18 institutions listed in the table, 12 appear on the top 10 list for multiple broad subfields, and 4 institutions—the University of California, Berkeley; Cornell University; Pennsylvania State University; and the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor—appear on each list. The University of California, Berkeley is the top-ranking institution in all three of the science subfields and ranks second in engineering.
TABLE 3. Top 10 U.S. baccalaureate-origin institutions of 2002–11 S&E doctorate recipients, by doctoral field of degree, institutional control, and 2010 Carnegie classification
Rank
Doctoral field of degree and academic institution
Institutional control
2010 Carnegie classification
S&E doctorate recipients
Life sciencesa
1
U. CA, Berkeley
Public
Research-very high
1,132
2
Cornell U., all campuses
Private
Research-very high
1,085
3
U. WI, Madison
Public
Research-very high
854
4
U. CA, Davis
Public
Research-very high
817
5
PA State U., main campus
Public
Research-very high
754
6
U. IL, Urbana-Champaign
Public
Research-very high
745
7
U. CA, Los Angeles
Public
Research-very high
686
8
U. CA, San Diego
Public
Research-very high
673
9
U. MI, Ann Arbor
Public
Research-very high
655
10
U. FL
Public
Research-very high
641
Physical sciences
1
U. CA, Berkeley
Public
Research-very high
740
2
MA Institute of Technology
Private
Research-very high
637
3
Harvard U.
Private
Research-very high
548
4
Cornell U., all campuses
Private
Research-very high
505
5
CA Institute of Technology
Public
Research-very high
404
6
U. MI, Ann Arbor
Public
Research-very high
368
7
Brigham Young U., main campus
Private
Research-high
335
8
PA State U., main campus
Public
Research-very high
331
9
U. TX, Austin
Public
Research-very high
328
10
U. IL, Urbana-Champaign
Public
Research-very high
324
Social sciencesb
1
U. CA, Berkeley
Public
Research-very high
888
2
U. MI, Ann Arbor
Public
Research-very high
724
3
U. CA, Los Angeles
Public
Research-very high
645
4
Harvard U.
Private
Research-very high
629
5
Cornell U., all campuses
Private
Research-very high
597
6
U. TX, Austin
Public
Research-very high
586
7
Brigham Young U., main campus
Private
Research-high
516
8
U. FL
Public
Research-very high
468
9
U. WI, Madison
Public
Research-very high
445
10
PA State U., main campus
Public
Research-very high
424
Engineering
1
MA Institute of Technology
Private
Research-very high
671
2
U. CA, Berkeley
Public
Research-very high
646
3
GA Institute of Technology, main campus
Public
Research-very high
510
4
U. IL, Urbana-Champaign
Public
Research-very high
507
5
U. MI, Ann Arbor
Public
Research-very high
458
6
Cornell U., all campuses
Private
Research-very high
457
7
PA State U., main campus
Public
Research-very high
425
8
U. FL
Public
Research-very high
387
9
Purdue U., main campus
Public
Research-very high
382
10
VA Polytechnic Institute and State U.
Public
Research-very high
365
S&E = science and engineering; includes health fields.
a Includes agricultural, biological, biomedical, and health sciences. b Includes psychology.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
Institutional-Yield Ratio Based on All S&E Doctorate Recipients
Although U.S. research universities are few in number (108 universities are classified as research universities with very high research activity, according to the 2010 Carnegie basic classification), collectively they award a large proportion of U.S. bachelor's degrees each year. In contrast, the several hundred baccalaureate colleges in the United States, as a group, award a smaller proportion of the total number of U.S. bachelor's degrees.[4] Because the number of bachelor's degrees awarded per institution—and, thus, the pool of potential doctorate recipients—is smaller for baccalaureate colleges than for research universities with very high research activity, rankings of baccalaureate-origin institutions based on the absolute numbers of S&E doctorate recipients understate the contributions of the baccalaureate colleges in the training of U.S. S&E doctorate recipients. To account for this disparity, a second measure of institutional contribution is used to establish rankings. The "institutional-yield ratio" for a baccalaureate-origin institution for a given year is expressed as the number of S&E doctorate recipients per 100 bachelor's degrees awarded in all fields 9 years earlier.[5]
Research universities with very high research activity had the highest institutional-yield ratio each year from 2002 to 2011, followed by baccalaureate colleges, other doctorate-granting universities, and master's colleges and universities (figure 1). The institutional-yield ratios increased for all four types of institutions over this period, and research universities with very high research activity and other doctorate-granting universities showed the largest increases.
When institutional rankings are determined according to the institutional-yield ratio based on S&E doctorate recipients rather than the absolute counts of S&E doctorate recipients, the list of top U.S. baccalaureate-origin institutions changes dramatically (table 4). Nine of the top 20 U.S. baccalaureate-origin institutions of 2002–11 S&E doctorate recipients are baccalaureate colleges, 10 are research universities with very high research activity, and only 1 of the top 20 (New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology) is a public institution. Of the top 50 U.S. baccalaureate-origin institutions ranked by the institutional-yield ratio, 27 are baccalaureate colleges and 21 are research universities with very high research activity). Only 3 of the institutions appearing on the top 20 list of table 2 also appear in the top 20 of table 4: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, and Stanford University.
TABLE 4. Top 50 U.S. baccalaureate-origin institutions of 2002–11 S&E doctorate recipients, by institutional-yield ratio, institutional control, and 2010 Carnegie classification
S&E doctorate recipients
Rank
Academic institution
Institutional control
2010 Carnegie classification
Number
Institutional- yield ratio
1
CA Institute of Technology
Private
Research-very high
739
34.9
2
Harvey Mudd C.
Private
Baccalaureate
359
24.4
3
MA Institute of Technology
Private
Research-very high
1,880
16.0
4
Reed C.
Private
Baccalaureate
374
14.2
5
Swarthmore C.
Private
Baccalaureate
472
13.1
6
Carleton C.
Private
Baccalaureate
555
12.3
7
Grinnell C.
Private
Baccalaureate
366
11.1
8
Rice U.
Private
Research-very high
728
10.8
9
U. of Chicago
Private
Research-very high
940
10.7
10
Princeton U.
Private
Research-very high
1,131
10.1
11
Harvard U.
Private
Research-very high
1,794
10.0
12
Pomona C.
Private
Baccalaureate
345
9.5
13
Haverford C.
Private
Baccalaureate
269
9.5
14
NM Institute of Mining and Technology
Public
Master's granting
142
9.1
15
Williams C.
Private
Baccalaureate
451
8.7
16
Case Western Reserve U.
Private
Research-very high
608
8.4
17
Bryn Mawr C.
Private
Baccalaureate
245
8.3
18
Stanford U.
Private
Research-very high
1,359
8.0
19
Brown U.
Private
Research-very high
1,188
8.0
20
Yale U.
Private
Research-very high
1,020
7.8
21
Macalester C.
Private
Baccalaureate
311
7.8
22
Carnegie Mellon U.
Private
Research-very high
812
7.7
23
Cornell U., all campuses
Private
Research-very high
2,646
7.7
24
Hillsdale C.
Private
Baccalaureate
65
7.7
25
Oberlin C.
Private
Baccalaureate
523
7.6
26
Amherst C.
Private
Baccalaureate
309
7.4
27
Johns Hopkins U.
Private
Research-very high
797
7.2
28
Lawrence U.
Private
Baccalaureate
178
7.1
29
Duke U.
Private
Research-very high
1,103
7.1
30
Kalamazoo C.
Private
Baccalaureate
182
6.8
31
U. of Rochester
Private
Research-very high
771
6.6
32
Wesleyan U.
Private
Baccalaureate
471
6.6
33
Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art
Private
Baccalaureate
125
6.5
34
Wellesley C.
Private
Baccalaureate
386
6.5
35
Hendrix C.
Private
Baccalaureate
129
6.3
36
Whitman C.
Private
Baccalaureate
193
6.3
37
Brandeis U.
Private
Research-very high
451
6.3
38
Allegheny C.
Private
Baccalaureate
233
6.1
39
Vassar C.
Private
Baccalaureate
348
6.1
40
Bowdoin C.
Private
Baccalaureate
240
6.1
41
Dartmouth C.
Private
Research-very high
654
6.0
42
Earlham C.
Private
Baccalaureate
138
6.0
43
U. CA, Berkeley
Public
Research-very high
3,406
5.9
44
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Private
Research-very high
590
5.9
45
Mount Holyoke C.
Private
Baccalaureate
278
5.8
46
Columbia U. in the City of New York
Private
Research-very high
829
5.7
47
CO School of Mines
Public
Research-very high
237
5.7
48
Occidental C.
Private
Baccalaureate
206
5.7
49
Franklin and Marshall C.
Private
Baccalaureate
231
5.5
50
C. of William and Mary
Public
Research-high
718
5.5
S&E = science and engineering; includes health fields.
NOTES: Institutional-yield ratio is the number of S&E doctorate recipients per 100 bachelor's degrees awarded in all fields 9 years earlier. Only institutions from which 50 or more baccalaureate recipients received S&E doctorate degrees between 2002 and 2011 were included in the analysis. Institutions are ranked on unrounded ratios.
SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates; U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, Completions Survey.
In 2011, 24% of black S&E doctorate recipients[6] received their bachelor's degree from historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), the second most common type of baccalaureate-origin institution next to research universities with very high research activity (29%) for these doctorate recipients (table 5). The proportion of black S&E doctorate recipients with bachelor's degrees from HBCUs has declined from 2006 to 2011, while the proportion with bachelor's degrees from research universities with very high research activity remained near 30% for all but one year of the 2002–11 period. Foreign institutions provided the baccalaureate training for a small but growing proportion of black S&E doctorate recipients, accounting for 7% of the doctorate recipients in 2002 and 11% in 2011.
TABLE 5. Black S&E doctorate recipients, by selected classes of baccalaureate-origin institutions: 2002–11
U.S. non-HBCU institutions
Year
All institutions
HBCUs
Very high research activity universities
Other doctorate-granting universitiesa
Master's colleges and universities
Baccalaureate colleges
Other or unclassified Carnegie groupb
Foreign institutions
Unknown baccalaureate institutions
2002
763
198
243
78
106
67
6
51
14
2003
742
196
222
80
82
56
11
59
36
2004
863
241
253
92
117
58
9
60
33
2005
829
236
245
108
95
55
8
51
31
2006
876
260
251
114
93
59
7
70
22
2007
908
256
231
107
121
57
11
83
42
2008
928
227
291
124
102
53
11
85
35
2009
1,093
269
333
106
139
81
5
108
52
2010
1,053
276
331
108
114
79
8
101
36
2011
1,147
276
336
134
156
71
12
130
32
HBCU = historically black college or university. S&E = science and engineering; includes health fields.
a Includes high research activity and doctoral/research universities. b Includes associate's colleges, special focus institutions, and tribal colleges.
NOTE: HBCUs are excluded from each of the 2010 Carnegie classification groups presented in the table.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
The importance of HBCUs and research universities with very high research activity in the training of black S&E doctorate recipients is evident from the rankings of baccalaureate-origin institutions of black S&E doctorate recipients (table 6). Ten of the top 11 baccalaureate-origin institutions of black S&E doctorate recipients from 2002–11 are HBCUs, and 19 of the top 20 are either HBCUs or research universities with very high research activity. The University of Maryland, Baltimore County is the only institution in the top 20 that is neither an HBCU nor a research university with very high research activity. Thirteen of the top 20 institutions are public institutions. Of the top 50 baccalaureate-origin institutions of black S&E doctorate recipients, 21 are HBCUs and 27 are research universities with very high research activity.
TABLE 6. Top 50 U.S. baccalaureate-origin institutions of 2002–11 black S&E doctorate recipients, by institutional control, 2010 Carnegie classification, and HBCU status
Rank
Academic institution
Institutional control
2010 Carnegie classification
HBCU
Black S&E doctorate recipients
na
All baccalaureate-origin institutions
na
na
na
9,202
na
Foreign institutions
na
na
na
798
na
Unknown institutions
na
na
na
345
1
Howard U.
Private
Research-high
Yes
220
2
Spelman C.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
175
3
FL A&M U.
Public
Doctoral/Research
Yes
154
4
Hampton U.
Private
Master's granting
Yes
150
5
Xavier U. LA
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
126
6
Morehouse C.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
106
7
Morgan State U.
Public
Doctoral/Research
Yes
102
7
NC A&T State U.
Public
Doctoral/Research
Yes
102
9
Southern U. and A&M C
Public
Master's granting
Yes
100
10
Tuskegee U.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
80
10
U. MD, Baltimore County
Public
Research-high
No
80
12
U. MD, College Park
Public
Research-very high
No
76
13
U. MI, Ann Arbor
Public
Research-very high
No
73
14
U. VA, main campus
Public
Research-very high
No
72
15
Harvard U.
Private
Research-very high
No
71
16
Jackson State U.
Public
Research-high
Yes
69
17
U. CA, Berkeley
Public
Research-very high
No
64
18
U. IL, Urbana-Champaign
Public
Research-very high
No
62
18
U. NC, Chapel Hill
Public
Research-very high
No
62
20
TN State U.
Public
Doctoral/Research
Yes
61
21
Yale U.
Private
Research-very high
No
60
22
Brown U.
Private
Research-very high
No
55
22
MA Institute of Technology
Private
Research-very high
No
55
24
U. FL
Public
Research-very high
No
54
25
Cornell U., all campuses
Private
Research-very high
No
51
26
AL A&M U.
Public
Master's granting
Yes
50
26
NC State U., Raleigh
Public
Research-very high
No
50
28
Duke U.
Private
Research-very high
No
49
29
Princeton U.
Private
Research-very high
No
47
29
Rutgers State U. NJ, New Brunswick
Public
Research-very high
No
47
31
CUNY City C.
Public
Master's granting
No
46
31
GA Institute of Technology, main campus
Public
Research-very high
No
46
31
MI State U.
Public
Research-very high
No
46
34
Clark Atlanta U.
Private
Doctoral/Research
Yes
45
34
FL State U.
Public
Research-very high
No
45
34
Prairie View A&M U.
Public
Master's granting
Yes
45
37
Tougaloo C.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
44
38
U. PA
Private
Research-very high
No
43
39
CUNY, Hunter C.
Public
Master's granting
No
42
39
PA State U., main campus
Public
Research-very high
No
42
41
Norfolk State U.
Public
Master's granting
Yes
41
42
LA State U. and A&M C
Public
Research-very high
No
40
42
NC Central U.
Public
Master's granting
Yes
40
42
U. CA, Los Angeles
Public
Research-very high
No
40
45
Grambling State U.
Public
Master's granting
Yes
39
45
U. SC, Columbia
Public
Research-very high
No
39
47
Stanford U.
Private
Research-very high
No
36
47
TX A&M U., main campus
Public
Research-very high
No
36
47
U. GA
Public
Research-very high
No
36
50
Dillard U.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
35
50
Fisk U.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
35
50
Temple U.
Public
Research-high
No
35
na = not applicable.
HBCU = historically black college or university. S&E = science and engineering; includes health fields.
NOTES: Includes only U.S. citizens and permanent residents. Institutions with the same number of doctorate recipients are listed alphabetically.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
Table 7 reports the top 10 baccalaureate-origin institutions for 2002–11 black doctorate recipients by broad subfield of S&E. All of the top-ranking baccalaureate-origin institutions in physical sciences and all but one of the top-ranking institutions in life sciences are HBCUs. Research universities with very high research activity are among the top 10 baccalaureate-origin institutions of black doctorate recipients in two S&E subfields: social sciences and engineering. Twelve of the 22 institutions listed in the table appear on the top 10 list for multiple broad subfields, and Howard University and Florida A&M University appear on each list.
TABLE 7. Top 10 U.S. baccalaureate-origin institutions of 2002–11 black S&E doctorate recipients, by field of doctoral degree, institutional control, 2010 Carnegie classification, and HBCU status
Rank
Academic institution
Institutional control
2010 Carnegie classification
HBCU
Black S&E doctorate recipients
Life sciencesa
1
Xavier U. LA
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
74
2
Howard U.
Private
Research-high
Yes
61
3
Hampton U.
Private
Master's granting
Yes
57
4
Spelman C.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
55
5
U. MD, Baltimore County
Public
Research-high
No
50
6
FL A&M U.
Public
Doctoral/Research
Yes
46
7
NC A&T State U.
Public
Doctoral/Research
Yes
35
8
Southern U. and A&M C
Public
Master's granting
Yes
34
9
Tuskegee U.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
32
10
Morehouse C.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
31
10
Morgan State U.
Public
Doctoral/Research
Yes
31
Physical sciences
1
Howard U.
Private
Research-high
Yes
28
2
Hampton U.
Private
Master's granting
Yes
24
2
Morehouse C.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
24
4
Spelman C.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
23
5
Southern U. and A&M C
Public
Master's granting
Yes
22
6
FL Agricultural and Mechanical U.
Public
Doctoral/Research
Yes
19
7
Xavier U. LA
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
16
8
Jackson State U.
Public
Research-high
Yes
13
8
Norfolk State U.
Public
Master's granting
Yes
13
10
AL A&M U.
Public
Master's granting
Yes
12
10
NC A&T State U.
Public
Doctoral/Research
Yes
12
Social sciencesb
1
Howard U.
Private
Research-high
Yes
109
2
Spelman C.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
84
3
Hampton U.
Private
Master's granting
Yes
61
4
FL A&M U.
Public
Doctoral/Research
Yes
52
5
Harvard U.
Private
Research-very high
No
44
6
U. CA, Berkeley
Public
Research-very high
No
42
7
Morehouse C.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
39
8
U. MD, College Park
Public
Research-very high
No
37
8
U. VA, main campus
Public
Research-very high
No
37
10
Yale U.
Private
Research-very high
No
36
Engineering
1
NC A&T State U.
Public
Doctoral/Research
Yes
48
2
FL A&M U.
Public
Doctoral/Research
Yes
37
3
Morgan State U.
Public
Doctoral/Research
Yes
32
4
Brown U.
Private
Research-very high
No
28
5
GA Institute of Technology, main campus
Public
Research-very high
No
25
6
Howard U.
Private
Research high
Yes
22
7
Tuskegee U.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
20
8
U. MI, Ann Arbor
Public
Research-very high
No
18
9
U. MD, College Park
Public
Research-very high
No
16
9
U. MD, Baltimore County
Public
Research-high
No
16
HBCU = historically black college or university. S&E = science and engineering; includes health fields.
a Includes agricultural, biological, biomedical, and health sciences. b Includes psychology.
NOTES: Includes only U.S. citizens and permanent residents. Institutions with the same number of doctorate recipients are listed alphabetically.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
Institutional-Yield Ratio Based on Black S&E Doctorate Recipients
As noted earlier in this report, institutional rankings based on absolute numbers of S&E doctorate recipients may not fully reflect the relative contributions of particular types of institutions in the training of S&E doctorate recipients. Figure 2 shows the institutional-yield ratio based on black S&E doctorate recipients (counts of black S&E doctorates in each category of baccalaureate-origin institution are normalized by the number of bachelor's degrees awarded to blacks 9 years earlier by universities in the same Carnegie class). In every year from 2002 to 2011, research universities with very high research activity had the highest institutional-yield ratio based on blacks with S&E doctorates. The institutional-yield ratio of HBCUs has been equal to or greater than that of baccalaureate colleges every year since 2005. Over the years 2002 to 2011, HBCUs are the only type of baccalaureate-origin institution that has shown an upward trend (albeit slight) in institutional-yield ratio based on blacks with S&E doctorates.
Determining the institutional rankings on the institutional-yield ratio based on blacks with S&E doctorates, rather than on the absolute counts of black S&E doctorate recipients, generates a very different list of top producing baccalaureate-origin institutions (table 8). Of the top 20 baccalaureate-origin institutions for black S&E doctorate recipients over the 2002–11 period, 16 are research universities with very high research activity and 3 are HBCUs (all baccalaureate colleges). Only 2 of the top 20 are public institutions. Expanding the list to include the top 50 baccalaureate-origin institutions of black S&E doctorate recipient reveals 36 very high research universities, 12 HBCUs (of which 8 are baccalaureate colleges), and 22 public institutions. Only 4 of the institutions appearing on the top 20 list of table 6 also appear in the top 20 of table 8: Harvard University; University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Spelman College; and Xavier University of Louisiana.
TABLE 8. Top 50 U.S. baccalaureate-origin institutions of 2002–11 black S&E doctorate recipients, by institutional-yield ratio for black S&E doctorate recipients, institutional control, 2010 Carnegie classification, and HBCU status
Black S&E doctorate recipients
Rank
Academic institution
Institutional control
2010 Carnegie classification
HBCU
Number
Institutional- yield ratio
1
MA Institute of Technology
Private
Research-very high
No
55
9.6
2
Rice U.
Private
Research-very high
No
25
7.0
3
Princeton U.
Private
Research-very high
No
47
6.5
4
Brown U.
Private
Research-very high
No
55
6.2
5
Yale U.
Private
Research-very high
No
60
6.2
6
Harvard U.
Private
Research-very high
No
71
5.4
7
Vanderbilt U.
Private
Research-very high
No
25
4.6
8
U. MD, Baltimore County
Public
Research-high
No
80
4.4
9
Spelman C.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
175
4.2
10
Duke U.
Private
Research-very high
No
49
4.1
11
Johns Hopkins U.
Private
Research-very high
No
25
4.1
12
Cornell U., all campuses
Private
Research-very high
No
51
3.6
13
U. PA
Private
Research-very high
No
43
3.5
14
WA U., St
Private
Research-very high
No
28
3.5
15
Columbia U. in the City of New York
Private
Research-very high
No
32
3.3
16
Tougaloo C.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
44
3.2
17
Tulane U. LA
Private
Research-very high
No
26
3.2
18
Xavier U. LA
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
126
3.0
19
Stanford U.
Private
Research-very high
No
36
2.9
20
GA Institute of Technology, main campus
Public
Research-very high
No
46
2.7
21
U. CA, Davis
Public
Research-very high
No
31
2.5
22
U. VA, main campus
Public
Research-very high
No
72
2.4
23
Fisk U.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
35
2.4
24
U. CA, Berkeley
Public
Research-very high
No
64
2.3
25
Northwestern U.
Private
Research-very high
No
27
2.3
26
Emory U.
Private
Research-very high
No
25
2.2
27
Morehouse C.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
106
2.2
28
U. MI, Ann Arbor
Public
Research-very high
No
73
2.2
29
TX A&M U., main campus
Public
Research-very high
No
36
2.1
30
U. of Miami
Private
Research-very high
No
31
2.0
31
Howard U.
Private
Research-high
Yes
220
2.0
32
U. NC, Chapel Hill
Public
Research-very high
No
62
2.0
33
Hampton U.
Private
Master's granting
Yes
150
1.9
34
U. IL, Urbana-Champaign
Public
Research-very high
No
62
1.8
35
Tuskegee U.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
80
1.8
36
Clemson U.
Public
Research-high
No
32
1.8
37
U. DE
Public
Research-very high
No
25
1.8
38
PA State U., main campus
Public
Research-very high
No
42
1.8
39
NC State U., Raleigh
Public
Research-very high
No
50
1.7
40
LA State U., and A&M C
Public
Research-very high
No
40
1.7
41
Oakwood U.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
29
1.7
42
U. at Buffalo
Public
Research-very high
No
29
1.7
43
Morgan State U.
Public
Doctoral/Research
Yes
102
1.6
44
Lincoln U. PA
Public
Master's granting
Yes
34
1.6
45
U. FL
Public
Research-very high
No
54
1.6
46
Dillard U.
Private
Baccalaureate
Yes
35
1.5
47
U. TX, Austin
Public
Research-very high
No
34
1.5
48
U. MD, College Park
Public
Research-very high
No
76
1.5
49
Stony Brook U.
Public
Research-very high
No
28
1.5
50
U. GA
Public
Research-very high
No
36
1.5
HBCU = historically black college or university. S&E = science and engineering; includes health fields.
NOTES: Institutional-yield ratio for black S&E doctorate recipients is the number of black S&E doctorate recipients per 100 bachelor's degrees awarded in all fields to blacks 9 years earlier. Table includes only U.S. citizens and permanent residents. Only institutions from which 25 or more baccalaureate recipients received S&E doctorate degrees between 2002 and 2011 were included in the analysis. Institutions are ranked on unrounded ratios.
SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates; U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, Completions Survey.
[1] Mark K. Fiegener (mfiegene@nsf.gov; 703-292-4622), Steven L. Proudfoot (sproudfo@nsf.gov; 703-292-4434), Human Resources Statistics Program, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 965, Arlington, VA 22230.
[2] In this InfoBrief, science and engineering includes health fields. This InfoBrief updates the analysis reported in two earlier InfoBriefs: Baccalaureate Origins of S&E Doctorate Recipients (NSF 08-311) and Role of HBCUs as Baccalaureate-Origin Institutions of Black S&E Doctorate Recipients (NSF 08-319). Data collected by the National Science Foundation's (NSF's) Survey of Earned Doctorates are used to report the numbers of S&E doctorate recipients between 2002 and 2011. Data from the Department of Education's Completions Survey provide the numbers of bachelor's degrees awarded between 1993 and 2002, 9 years prior to each year of doctoral degree data.
[3] The 2010 version of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching's Basic Classification scheme for colleges and universities categorizes academic institutions on the basis of highest degree conferred, level of degree production, and research activity. Institutions that award at least 20 doctoral degrees per year are called doctorate-granting universities, and are distributed among three subgroups based on the level of research activity: research universities with very high research activity, research universities with high research activity, and doctoral/research universities (for the purposes of this InfoBrief, the latter two subgroups are combined into a single category, called "other doctorate-granting universities"). Master's colleges and universities are institutions that award at least 50 master's degrees and fewer than 20 doctoral degrees per year. Baccalaureate colleges are institutions that award fewer than 50 master's degrees or 20 doctoral degrees per year and at which baccalaureate degrees are at least 10% of all undergraduate degrees. See http://classifications.carnegiefoundation.org/ for more information on the Carnegie classification scheme.
[4] Research universities with very high research activity were responsible for 25.6% of all bachelor's degrees awarded by U.S. academic institutions in 2011, and baccalaureate colleges were responsible for 11.5% of all bachelor's degrees (U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, Completions Survey; special tabulation from NSF's WebCASPAR system [http://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/webcaspar/], March 2013).
[5] Nine years was the median time from receipt of bachelor's degree to doctorate award for S&E doctorate recipients between 2002 and 2011. Time to degree was shorter in physical sciences (7.7 years) and in engineering (8.0 years) than in life sciences (8.6 years) and social sciences (9.9 years). Explorations of the data with 8- and 10-year lags produced similar results.
[6] The analysis in this section is limited to U.S. citizens and permanent residents as data on bachelor's degrees awarded by race or ethnicity are not provided for temporary residents. In this InfoBrief, "black" is used interchangeably with "black or African American."
National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Baccalaureate Origins of U.S.-trained S&E Doctorate Recipients
Arlington, VA (NSF 13-323) [April 2013]
