Table 47. Employment sector of doctorate recipients with definite postgraduation commitments for employment in the United States, by sex, citizenship status, ethnicity, and race: Selected years, 1996–2016
| Employment commitment and sector |
Totala |
Sex |
Citizenship status |
U.S. citizens and permanent residents |
| Hispanic or Latino |
Not Hispanic or Latino |
Ethnicity not reported |
| Male |
Female |
U.S. citizen or permanent resident |
Temporary visa holder |
American Indian or Alaska Native |
Asian |
Black or African American |
White |
More than one race |
Other race or race not reported |
| All U.S. employment commitments (number) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1996 |
16,273 |
9,066 |
7,205 |
14,632 |
1,629 |
544 |
99 |
1,088 |
731 |
12,032 |
na |
87 |
51 |
| 2001 |
17,304 |
9,549 |
7,755 |
14,385 |
2,910 |
626 |
73 |
880 |
834 |
11,448 |
148 |
149 |
227 |
| 2006 |
17,681 |
9,432 |
8,248 |
13,757 |
3,892 |
689 |
60 |
861 |
888 |
10,827 |
200 |
120 |
112 |
| 2011 |
14,167 |
7,438 |
6,728 |
11,364 |
2,740 |
555 |
D |
810 |
681 |
8,856 |
D |
69 |
111 |
| 2016 |
16,305 |
8,790 |
7,515 |
12,572 |
3,684 |
759 |
D |
944 |
790 |
9,541 |
332 |
D |
66 |
| Academe (%)b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1996 |
48.8 |
43.3 |
55.8 |
50.5 |
34.1 |
60.3 |
54.5 |
27.5 |
52.8 |
51.9 |
na |
57.5 |
47.1 |
| 2001 |
48.4 |
42.5 |
55.6 |
52.0 |
30.3 |
60.7 |
52.1 |
34.7 |
50.5 |
52.9 |
54.1 |
55.7 |
55.1 |
| 2006 |
51.1 |
46.3 |
56.7 |
54.7 |
38.3 |
55.6 |
66.7 |
38.7 |
50.3 |
56.4 |
54.0 |
47.5 |
50.0 |
| 2011 |
51.8 |
44.7 |
59.5 |
55.5 |
36.8 |
62.2 |
68.1 |
42.0 |
57.7 |
56.3 |
51.9 |
62.3 |
43.2 |
| 2016 |
44.6 |
38.0 |
52.3 |
48.5 |
31.5 |
49.8 |
D |
36.4 |
47.3 |
49.8 |
45.8 |
D |
40.9 |
| Government (%)b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1996 |
7.9 |
8.7 |
7.0 |
8.6 |
1.6 |
8.6 |
15.2 |
6.3 |
10.1 |
8.7 |
na |
8.0 |
13.7 |
| 2001 |
6.5 |
7.1 |
5.8 |
7.5 |
1.7 |
7.5 |
9.6 |
5.5 |
9.5 |
7.5 |
5.4 |
9.4 |
4.8 |
| 2006 |
6.0 |
6.2 |
5.8 |
7.4 |
1.2 |
8.0 |
8.3 |
7.9 |
9.8 |
7.1 |
6.0 |
10.8 |
8.0 |
| 2011 |
8.0 |
9.0 |
6.8 |
9.5 |
2.0 |
10.5 |
D |
9.0 |
11.3 |
9.3 |
8.1 |
1.4 |
17.1 |
| 2016 |
7.4 |
8.0 |
6.6 |
9.0 |
1.6 |
8.8 |
9.6 |
8.6 |
12.2 |
8.7 |
11.1 |
13.6 |
10.6 |
| Industry or business (%)b,c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1996 |
25.9 |
34.7 |
14.9 |
22.2 |
59.5 |
15.4 |
12.1 |
59.0 |
10.4 |
20.0 |
na |
14.9 |
29.4 |
| 2001 |
29.4 |
38.4 |
18.4 |
22.4 |
63.8 |
14.9 |
20.5 |
52.0 |
13.9 |
21.1 |
26.4 |
26.2 |
23.3 |
| 2006 |
25.0 |
32.9 |
15.9 |
17.1 |
52.9 |
14.5 |
10.0 |
39.4 |
9.5 |
16.1 |
18.0 |
18.3 |
20.5 |
| 2011 |
26.9 |
35.8 |
17.1 |
19.8 |
56.7 |
14.4 |
10.6 |
39.1 |
9.0 |
19.2 |
D |
17.4 |
20.7 |
| 2016 |
34.6 |
43.9 |
23.7 |
26.5 |
62.1 |
25.0 |
11.5 |
43.2 |
17.2 |
25.6 |
28.0 |
30.7 |
33.3 |
| Nonprofit organization (%)b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1996 |
6.1 |
5.3 |
7.1 |
6.6 |
2.2 |
6.8 |
4.0 |
4.2 |
5.1 |
6.9 |
na |
9.2 |
2.0 |
| 2001 |
5.3 |
4.7 |
6.0 |
5.9 |
2.3 |
6.2 |
6.8 |
5.1 |
4.8 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
4.7 |
5.3 |
| 2006 |
4.5 |
3.4 |
5.7 |
5.2 |
2.1 |
4.6 |
6.7 |
4.8 |
6.1 |
5.2 |
4.0 |
8.3 |
3.6 |
| 2011 |
5.7 |
4.9 |
6.5 |
6.4 |
2.7 |
6.1 |
12.8 |
5.8 |
5.9 |
6.4 |
8.9 |
8.7 |
6.3 |
| 2016 |
5.7 |
4.5 |
7.0 |
6.6 |
2.5 |
6.1 |
11.5 |
7.3 |
7.2 |
6.6 |
6.3 |
6.8 |
7.6 |
| Other or unknown (%)b,d |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1996 |
11.2 |
8.0 |
15.3 |
12.2 |
2.6 |
8.8 |
14.1 |
3.0 |
21.6 |
12.6 |
na |
10.3 |
7.8 |
| 2001 |
10.4 |
7.3 |
14.3 |
12.1 |
1.9 |
10.7 |
11.0 |
2.7 |
21.3 |
12.5 |
8.1 |
4.0 |
11.5 |
| 2006 |
13.4 |
11.2 |
15.9 |
15.6 |
5.5 |
17.3 |
8.3 |
9.3 |
24.3 |
15.2 |
18.0 |
15.0 |
17.9 |
| 2011 |
7.7 |
5.5 |
10.1 |
8.8 |
1.9 |
6.8 |
6.4 |
4.1 |
16.2 |
8.7 |
10.2 |
10.1 |
12.6 |
| 2016 |
7.8 |
5.6 |
10.3 |
9.4 |
2.3 |
10.3 |
5.8 |
4.4 |
16.1 |
9.3 |
8.7 |
9.1 |
7.6 |