Table 46. Employment sector of doctorate recipients with definite postgraduation commitments for employment in the United States, by broad field of study: Selected years, 1996–2016
| Employment commitment and sector |
Total |
Life sciencesa |
Physical sciences and earth sciences |
Mathematics and computer sciences |
Psychology and social sciences |
Engineering |
Education |
Humanities and arts |
Otherb |
| All U.S. employment commitments (number) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1996 |
16,273 |
1,542 |
1,023 |
806 |
2,865 |
2,429 |
4,113 |
2,285 |
1,210 |
| 2001 |
17,304 |
1,848 |
1,270 |
845 |
3,070 |
2,627 |
3,710 |
2,712 |
1,222 |
| 2006 |
17,681 |
1,993 |
1,026 |
1,190 |
2,993 |
2,686 |
3,717 |
2,631 |
1,445 |
| 2011 |
14,167 |
1,746 |
919 |
1,077 |
2,586 |
2,275 |
2,369 |
1,952 |
1,243 |
| 2016 |
16,305 |
2,301 |
1,264 |
1,479 |
2,846 |
2,927 |
2,433 |
1,716 |
1,339 |
| Academe (%)c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1996 |
48.8 |
51.8 |
24.8 |
46.8 |
53.4 |
14.1 |
46.4 |
79.2 |
76.5 |
| 2001 |
48.4 |
45.8 |
20.2 |
45.8 |
54.0 |
13.4 |
49.0 |
79.1 |
74.4 |
| 2006 |
51.1 |
47.4 |
27.7 |
44.4 |
59.9 |
14.3 |
51.0 |
80.8 |
74.7 |
| 2011 |
51.8 |
48.7 |
25.8 |
36.4 |
60.9 |
13.6 |
57.9 |
82.5 |
79.6 |
| 2016 |
44.6 |
38.3 |
20.0 |
29.5 |
54.2 |
14.1 |
58.2 |
76.4 |
75.8 |
| Government (%)c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1996 |
7.9 |
15.2 |
9.4 |
4.1 |
11.3 |
10.6 |
6.4 |
1.3 |
4.5 |
| 2001 |
6.5 |
11.6 |
6.7 |
4.0 |
10.4 |
7.3 |
4.5 |
2.1 |
4.7 |
| 2006 |
6.0 |
12.0 |
7.1 |
4.3 |
9.5 |
5.6 |
3.8 |
2.1 |
4.8 |
| 2011 |
8.0 |
13.3 |
10.9 |
7.9 |
11.1 |
10.9 |
3.2 |
2.4 |
4.5 |
| 2016 |
7.4 |
10.3 |
8.8 |
3.4 |
12.4 |
8.2 |
3.8 |
2.4 |
5.5 |
| Industry or business (%)c,d |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1996 |
25.9 |
24.5 |
62.6 |
46.4 |
17.7 |
73.0 |
6.3 |
5.0 |
14.1 |
| 2001 |
29.4 |
33.1 |
68.3 |
44.9 |
20.4 |
76.0 |
6.6 |
6.5 |
15.1 |
| 2006 |
25.0 |
25.8 |
56.4 |
45.7 |
13.9 |
72.9 |
3.6 |
3.8 |
11.7 |
| 2011 |
26.9 |
26.6 |
56.4 |
51.3 |
13.6 |
71.1 |
4.3 |
4.4 |
9.9 |
| 2016 |
34.6 |
37.6 |
65.7 |
61.9 |
19.1 |
72.9 |
4.8 |
5.1 |
10.9 |
| Nonprofit organization (%)c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1996 |
6.1 |
6.7 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
12.2 |
1.9 |
4.5 |
10.4 |
3.5 |
| 2001 |
5.3 |
6.5 |
2.4 |
2.7 |
9.8 |
2.1 |
4.4 |
7.0 |
3.2 |
| 2006 |
4.5 |
6.2 |
2.5 |
1.4 |
7.7 |
2.5 |
4.3 |
4.7 |
3.5 |
| 2011 |
5.7 |
8.7 |
3.9 |
2.8 |
9.2 |
2.7 |
5.4 |
6.1 |
3.1 |
| 2016 |
5.7 |
9.3 |
3.2 |
2.8 |
7.8 |
3.1 |
5.4 |
7.6 |
4.0 |
| Other or unknown (%)c,e |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1996 |
11.2 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
1.1 |
5.4 |
0.4 |
36.3 |
4.1 |
1.3 |
| 2001 |
10.4 |
3.0 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
5.4 |
1.1 |
35.5 |
5.4 |
2.6 |
| 2006 |
13.4 |
8.6 |
6.2 |
4.2 |
9.0 |
4.7 |
37.3 |
8.6 |
5.3 |
| 2011 |
7.7 |
2.7 |
3.0 |
1.6 |
5.2 |
1.8 |
29.3 |
4.6 |
2.8 |
| 2016 |
7.8 |
4.4 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
6.5 |
1.8 |
27.8 |
8.4 |
3.8 |