Table 36. Doctorate recipients' sources of financial support, by broad field of study and sex: 2016
(Percent)
| Financial resource |
All fields |
Life sciencesa |
Physical sciences and earth sciences |
Mathematics and computer sciences |
Psychology and social sciences |
Engineering |
Education |
Humanities and arts |
Otherb |
| Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
| Unduplicated total (number)c |
26,453 |
22,404 |
5,142 |
6,332 |
3,880 |
1,784 |
2,697 |
849 |
3,294 |
4,585 |
6,464 |
1,920 |
1,377 |
3,139 |
2,332 |
2,539 |
1,267 |
1,256 |
| Fellowship or scholarship |
59.2 |
63.4 |
63.7 |
65.6 |
57.2 |
66.0 |
52.8 |
55.5 |
68.4 |
64.6 |
51.3 |
61.2 |
38.4 |
44.4 |
79.7 |
82.6 |
62.5 |
62.2 |
| Grant |
36.6 |
40.0 |
51.8 |
51.8 |
41.4 |
45.1 |
29.7 |
30.4 |
37.3 |
38.3 |
29.0 |
37.6 |
17.6 |
21.9 |
39.9 |
43.2 |
25.3 |
28.3 |
| Assistantship |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Teaching |
66.8 |
62.9 |
48.9 |
48.6 |
84.0 |
87.0 |
80.2 |
80.0 |
78.5 |
73.3 |
58.7 |
60.8 |
35.1 |
37.5 |
84.3 |
87.0 |
70.6 |
68.8 |
| Research |
66.3 |
56.6 |
60.5 |
57.0 |
87.0 |
85.6 |
71.7 |
67.0 |
58.5 |
57.8 |
82.2 |
82.6 |
29.6 |
35.6 |
31.3 |
34.9 |
59.3 |
57.6 |
| Other |
5.6 |
8.5 |
4.0 |
4.1 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
4.9 |
5.4 |
9.1 |
13.4 |
3.8 |
5.2 |
11.0 |
12.8 |
10.5 |
13.3 |
7.1 |
7.7 |
| Traineeship |
3.3 |
5.2 |
9.1 |
11.7 |
2.1 |
3.0 |
1.3 |
2.7 |
3.0 |
4.6 |
2.2 |
4.5 |
0.7 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
1.0 |
| Internship or clinical residency |
7.0 |
7.4 |
2.3 |
2.6 |
3.7 |
3.9 |
18.1 |
20.1 |
10.3 |
18.8 |
10.5 |
11.1 |
2.1 |
3.3 |
1.4 |
1.9 |
2.6 |
2.0 |
| Loan (any source) |
20.3 |
29.3 |
17.0 |
19.6 |
12.2 |
12.3 |
10.8 |
9.0 |
37.1 |
43.7 |
10.6 |
8.4 |
42.3 |
46.5 |
36.8 |
38.8 |
30.8 |
34.2 |
| Personal sources |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Savings |
39.1 |
45.8 |
34.0 |
38.1 |
27.2 |
27.1 |
32.5 |
31.6 |
54.9 |
55.6 |
31.6 |
30.1 |
58.6 |
58.8 |
54.2 |
56.3 |
58.2 |
55.5 |
| Other earnings during graduate school |
23.5 |
32.0 |
17.6 |
21.7 |
11.0 |
11.8 |
18.8 |
17.9 |
38.9 |
40.2 |
12.9 |
11.5 |
52.6 |
51.1 |
49.7 |
51.3 |
29.5 |
37.7 |
| Spouse's, partner's, or family's earnings or savings |
26.7 |
38.3 |
24.1 |
31.7 |
18.7 |
20.5 |
20.1 |
28.2 |
39.3 |
49.1 |
19.1 |
24.6 |
31.8 |
43.8 |
45.8 |
51.2 |
40.1 |
46.2 |
| Employer reimbursement or assistance |
9.4 |
10.3 |
7.9 |
9.8 |
5.9 |
4.8 |
9.1 |
7.7 |
8.4 |
7.9 |
9.0 |
6.7 |
28.7 |
22.7 |
8.2 |
6.9 |
13.3 |
13.1 |
| Foreign (non-U.S.) support |
6.9 |
4.8 |
6.1 |
4.5 |
5.1 |
3.3 |
7.4 |
5.9 |
6.8 |
4.8 |
8.5 |
6.8 |
5.4 |
3.1 |
6.9 |
6.5 |
7.7 |
6.2 |
| Other |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
* |
0.0 |
* |
0.0 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
0.1 |