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Table 35. Doctorate recipients' primary source of financial support, by broad field of study, sex, citizenship status, ethnicity, and race: 2016

(Percent)

Broad field of study and primary source of support Totala Sex Citizenship status U.S. citizens and permanent residents
Hispanic or Latino Not Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity not reported
Male Female U.S. citizen or permanent resident Temporary visa holder American Indian or Alaska Native Asian Black or African American White More than one race Other race or race not reported
All fields (number) 48,776 26,417 22,358 33,236 15,249 2,338 113 2,914 2,159 24,328 986 207 191
Teaching assistantships 21.4 21.3 21.4 20.4 23.6 18.6 16.8 17.5 13.3 21.7 18.8 17.4 16.2
Research assistantships or traineeships 30.8 35.9 24.9 23.5 46.9 17.0 8.0 31.5 10.9 24.4 23.6 22.7 29.3
Fellowships or grants 27.7 26.4 29.2 31.0 20.4 38.2 33.6 36.1 29.9 29.6 36.2 38.6 23.6
Own resources 15.1 10.8 20.1 20.5 3.2 22.8 35.4 10.8 39.7 19.8 17.4 17.9 24.6
Employer 3.2 3.2 3.1 4.4 0.4 3.2 5.3 3.8 6.0 4.5 3.7 2.9 6.3
Other 1.9 2.3 1.3 0.2 5.5 0.2 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.0
Life sciences (number)b 11,458 5,138 6,320 8,226 3,170 619 23 872 481 5,909 255 42 25
Teaching assistantships 12.7 13.2 12.4 11.9 14.9 10.5 D 9.9 7.1 12.8 9.8 D 16.0
Research assistantships or traineeships 32.2 34.5 30.3 26.9 45.9 19.5 D 31.0 14.8 28.1 26.7 D 36.0
Fellowships or grants 40.8 41.0 40.6 45.5 28.5 54.6 47.8 47.6 45.5 44.0 51.0 50.0 36.0
Own resources 9.4 6.2 12.0 12.0 2.4 12.9 D 7.5 29.5 11.3 9.4 D 8.0
Employer 2.7 2.3 3.0 3.4 0.6 2.3 D 3.7 3.1 3.5 3.1 D 4.0
Other 2.3 2.9 1.8 0.2 7.8 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Physical sciences and earth sciences (number) 5,651 3,871 1,780 3,477 2,144 167 D 291 89 2,777 106 D 26
Teaching assistantships 23.5 23.1 24.2 20.9 27.8 D D 21.6 36.0 20.3 D 14.3 D
Research assistantships or traineeships 48.7 51.3 43.0 44.6 55.4 29.9 D 40.9 16.9 46.7 41.5 D 65.4
Fellowships or grants 23.5 21.0 28.8 29.9 13.0 44.9 D 30.2 D 28.5 33.0 42.9 11.5
Own resources 2.2 2.2 2.0 D D D 0.0 4.5 D 3.0 D 0.0 11.5
Employer 0.9 0.9 0.9 D D 0.0 0.0 2.4 D 1.2 D D D
Other 1.3 1.4 1.1 0.2 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mathematics and computer sciences (number) 3,540 2,691 849 1,625 1,894 87 D 206 71 1,171 63 D 14
Teaching assistantships 36.3 35.1 39.9 36.2 36.2 35.6 D 30.1 32.4 37.4 D 41.7 28.6
Research assistantships or traineeships 36.8 38.4 31.8 26.8 45.7 21.8 0.0 33.0 14.1 26.4 33.3 33.3 28.6
Fellowships or grants 16.6 16.2 17.9 22.0 12.0 25.3 0.0 22.8 26.8 21.3 25.4 16.7 14.3
Own resources 5.8 5.5 6.6 10.5 1.7 9.2 0.0 7.8 D 11.1 D D 21.4
Employer 2.2 2.4 1.8 4.5 0.3 8.0 0.0 6.3 D 3.8 D 0.0 7.1
Other 2.3 2.4 2.0 0.0 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Psychology and social sciences (number) 7,858 3,290 4,568 6,204 1,603 511 27 400 444 4,526 206 54 36
Teaching assistantships 29.8 32.9 27.6 27.1 40.3 22.9 D 30.8 14.0 28.8 23.8 D 22.2
Research assistantships or traineeships 16.2 14.5 17.5 16.2 16.0 10.8 D D 8.1 17.5 17.5 7.4 16.7
Fellowships or grants 26.8 28.9 25.3 25.8 30.8 31.3 22.2 32.5 27.9 23.9 31.6 38.9 27.8
Own resources 23.9 19.8 26.9 D D 32.9 40.7 16.8 45.7 27.2 24.3 27.8 D
Employer 2.0 2.1 1.9 D D 1.8 0.0 D 4.3 2.5 2.9 D D
Other 1.2 1.8 0.8 0.1 5.5 0.4 3.7 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Engineering (number) 8,375 6,456 1,919 3,873 4,458 258 8 598 164 2,675 114 27 29
Teaching assistantships 9.8 9.7 10.1 6.3 12.8 7.0 D 6.9 10.4 5.8 D 0.0 3.4
Research assistantships or traineeships 57.3 58.5 53.3 45.3 67.9 33.7 D 49.2 26.2 46.8 38.6 D 55.2
Fellowships or grants 22.9 20.9 29.4 35.0 12.4 45.0 D 33.6 41.5 34.1 36.0 D 24.1
Own resources 4.1 4.2 3.5 6.7 1.8 7.8 D 5.2 11.0 6.6 D 11.1 10.3
Employer 3.2 3.6 1.8 6.4 0.4 6.2 D D 11.0 6.3 9.6 3.7 6.9
Other 2.7 3.0 1.8 0.4 4.8 0.4 0.0 D 0.0 0.4 D 0.0 0.0
Education (number) 4,510 1,375 3,135 3,965 514 296 25 193 578 2,732 94 24 23
Teaching assistantships 13.1 12.7 13.3 12.0 22.6 10.1 D 16.1 7.8 12.9 D 8.3 4.3
Research assistantships or traineeships 15.7 13.5 16.7 13.8 30.4 15.2 D 24.4 9.2 14.0 D 12.5 13.0
Fellowships or grants 12.4 11.9 12.6 11.4 19.6 16.2 36.0 20.2 14.7 9.1 12.8 29.2 21.7
Own resources 46.3 43.9 47.3 50.7 11.7 51.4 D 30.6 59.3 50.2 54.3 D 52.2
Employer 10.7 14.8 8.9 11.9 1.2 7.1 D 8.3 9.0 13.6 6.4 D 8.7
Other 1.9 3.1 1.3 0.2 14.6 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 1.1 4.2 0.0
Humanities and arts (number) 4,863 2,330 2,533 4,171 655 293 19 176 159 3,368 108 20 28
Teaching assistantships 39.9 38.8 40.9 40.0 39.4 36.9 D 35.8 28.3 41.6 D 25.0 35.7
Research assistantships or traineeships 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.7 0.0 D D 1.7 D 0.0 0.0
Fellowships or grants 35.7 35.6 35.9 33.6 48.7 38.2 D 39.8 D 32.0 46.3 55.0 25.0
Own resources 20.3 21.1 19.6 22.6 6.4 D 47.4 19.9 25.8 22.4 22.2 20.0 D
Employer 1.7 2.2 1.3 2.0 0.0 D D D D 2.2 0.0 0.0 D
Other 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.1 4.0 0.0 0.0 D D 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other (number)c 2,521 1,266 1,254 1,695 811 107 D 178 173 1,170 40 D 10
Teaching assistantships 26.4 26.3 26.5 24.0 31.6 D 0.0 23.6 16.8 25.4 20.0 14.3 D
Research assistantships or traineeships 17.5 17.6 17.4 14.6 23.6 14.0 D 21.9 D 14.8 17.5 35.7 10.0
Fellowships or grants 23.8 25.4 22.2 21.2 29.2 21.5 D 34.8 15.6 19.8 20.0 D 20.0
Own resources 25.8 22.3 29.4 33.6 9.5 34.6 D 16.3 54.9 33.1 D 21.4 50.0
Employer 4.6 5.7 3.6 6.4 1.1 D 0.0 3.4 D 6.8 D 0.0 D
Other 1.8 2.8 0.9 0.2 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 D 0.2 D 0.0 0.0
D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information.
a Includes 291 doctorate recipients with missing citizenship information.
b Includes agricultural sciences and natural resources; biological and biomedical sciences; and health sciences.
c Non-science and engineering fields not shown separately.
NOTES: Includes only doctorate recipients who reported primary source of support. Due to rounding, percentages may not sum to 100.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2016.