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Table 22. Doctorate recipients, by subfield of study, citizenship status, ethnicity, and race: 2016

Subfield of study All doctorate recipientsa Temporary visa holders U.S. citizens and permanent residents
Total Hispanic or Latino Not Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity not reported
American Indian or Alaska Native Asian Black or African American White More than one race Other race or race not reported
All fields 54,904 16,498 35,719 2,555 128 3,082 2,360 25,524 1,032 273 765
Life sciences 12,568 3,362 8,697 655 27 915 510 6,118 263 54 155
Agricultural sciences and natural resources 1,385 564 773 46 5 52 30 601 17 4 18
Agricultural economics 113 65 43 2 0 7 0 29 2 0 3
Agronomy, horticulture science, plant breeding, plant pathology, plant sciences-other 303 138 153 6 0 14 3 122 2 1 5
Animal nutrition, poultry science 63 24 35 2 1 1 2 28 1 0 0
Animal sciences, other 83 23 55 6 0 3 2 40 0 0 4
Environmental science 193 48 131 13 1 7 9 96 3 1 1
Fishing and fisheries sciences and management 47 14 33 2 0 1 0 29 1 0 0
Food science, food technology-other 163 92 69 4 0 8 4 51 0 1 1
Forest biology, forest management, wood science, forestry sciences- other 87 36 51 2 1 1 2 41 1 0 3
Natural resource and environmental policy 68 22 45 0 0 4 4 32 4 1 0
Natural resources and conservation, wildlife and range management 86 19 64 1 2 1 1 56 2 0 1
Soil chemistry, soil sciences-other 61 26 35 2 0 2 1 30 0 0 0
Agricultural sciences, aggregated 118 57 59 6 0 3 2 47 1 0 0
Biological and biomedical sciences 8,884 2,311 6,225 494 11 708 280 4,376 209 41 106
Anatomy, developmental biology 183 44 135 15 0 22 2 88 4 2 2
Bacteriology, parasitology 38 11 27 5 0 1 3 16 1 1 0
Biochemistry (biological sciences) 834 290 518 39 1 50 26 377 15 3 7
Bioinformatics 194 86 90 2 0 18 5 65 0 0 0
Biomedical sciences 331 94 222 22 0 25 18 143 6 2 6
Biometrics and biostatistics 198 92 95 2 0 30 5 54 3 1 0
Biophysics (biological sciences) 165 52 104 2 1 10 4 85 2 0 0
Botany, plant pathology, plant physiology 138 46 87 6 0 4 2 69 2 1 3
Cancer biology 439 135 293 27 1 47 20 185 8 2 3
Cell, cellular biology, and histology 261 81 153 14 0 24 4 104 5 0 2
Computational biology 133 49 77 1 0 9 4 58 1 0 4
Ecology 482 56 417 24 1 8 7 355 17 2 3
Endocrinology, human/animal pathology 60 12 43 3 0 4 3 31 2 0 0
Entomology 127 26 96 6 0 8 1 77 2 0 2
Environmental toxicology, toxicology 130 36 88 7 1 5 5 66 3 0 1
Epidemiology 343 57 273 17 1 35 26 180 7 0 7
Evolutionary biology 200 39 160 15 1 12 4 118 8 1 1
Genetics-human/animal, plant genetics 405 98 287 21 0 37 7 205 9 0 8
Immunology 402 78 316 29 2 45 18 203 10 2 7
Microbiology 467 83 367 36 0 34 13 263 16 1 4
Molecular biology, medicine 574 142 413 38 0 64 11 279 16 4 1
Neurosciences, neurobiology 997 190 775 69 0 96 24 540 32 6 8
Nutrition sciences 204 64 136 14 0 11 8 94 3 2 4
Pharmacology, human and animal 208 53 144 7 0 19 13 101 1 1 2
Physiology, human and animal 167 43 121 5 0 11 6 89 6 1 3
Structural biology 47 15 31 2 0 0 3 23 1 2 0
Virology 141 36 104 13 0 3 2 83 2 0 1
Wildlife biology 47 2 44 3 1 1 0 39 0 0 0
Zoology 38 6 32 2 0 1 0 23 3 2 1
Biological and biomedical sciences, general 773 250 478 42 1 60 27 305 21 5 17
Biotechnology, biology/biomedical sciences-other 158 45 99 6 0 14 9 58 3 0 9
Health sciences 2,299 487 1,699 115 11 155 200 1,141 37 9 31
Environmental health, public health 455 78 364 23 1 35 76 211 10 3 5
Health and behavior 119 16 95 8 0 5 15 61 4 0 2
Health services research 121 30 89 5 0 15 9 55 1 0 4
Health systems administration 41 11 26 2 0 4 7 10 1 0 2
Kinesiology, exercise science 232 45 177 19 1 6 4 143 1 0 3
Medical physics, radiological science 94 24 66 4 0 10 2 49 1 0 0
Nursing science 481 45 415 28 3 21 51 296 8 5 3
Pharmaceutical sciences 274 134 117 3 0 28 10 71 2 0 3
Rehabilitation, therapeutic services 108 29 76 4 0 7 6 53 3 0 3
Speech-language pathology and audiology 115 23 90 5 0 3 6 74 2 0 0
Health sciences, aggregated 259 52 184 14 6 21 14 118 4 1 6
Physical sciences and earth sciences 6,252 2,313 3,666 186 8 302 97 2,876 110 17 70
Chemistry 2,704 1,000 1,579 87 2 150 64 1,190 52 6 28
Analytical chemistry 392 149 242 6 0 20 11 194 7 1 3
Chemical biology 120 42 76 11 0 10 1 47 6 0 1
Inorganic chemistry 343 109 233 9 0 26 9 179 10 0 0
Medicinal chemistry 72 21 45 0 0 5 5 34 0 0 1
Organic chemistry 564 212 346 19 1 39 15 258 6 1 7
Physical chemistry 379 145 230 9 0 15 7 193 6 0 0
Polymer chemistry 148 78 70 2 0 9 1 55 2 0 1
Theoretical chemistry 88 38 50 0 0 3 1 40 6 0 0
Chemistry, general 417 144 171 19 1 13 8 108 3 4 15
Chemistry, other 181 62 116 12 0 10 6 82 6 0 0
Geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences 1,227 390 802 42 4 49 10 661 20 2 14
Atmospheric science and meteorology 245 81 159 14 1 17 6 117 1 0 3
Atmospheric physics, meteorology 78 25 53 5 0 6 1 40 0 0 1
Atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric sciences-general, atmospheric sciences-other 167 56 106 9 1 11 5 77 1 0 2
Geological sciences 617 205 386 17 3 18 4 324 11 1 8
Geochemistry, mineralogy 87 20 65 4 1 2 1 53 4 0 0
Geology 127 33 89 3 1 1 1 78 1 0 4
Geomorphology, geological sciences-general, geological sciences-other 223 70 141 7 1 7 2 114 5 1 4
Geophysics and seismology 138 72 59 3 0 8 0 48 0 0 0
Paleontology, stratigraphy 42 10 32 0 0 0 0 31 1 0 0
Ocean and marine sciences 365 104 257 11 0 14 0 220 8 1 3
Marine biology and biological oceanography 90 13 77 6 0 6 0 63 1 0 1
Oceanography, chemical and physical 79 31 47 2 0 2 0 38 2 1 2
Ocean/marine sciences, aggregated 196 60 133 3 0 6 0 119 5 0 0
Physics and astronomy 2,321 923 1,285 57 2 103 23 1,025 38 9 28
Astronomy and astrophysics 315 74 236 11 2 17 4 191 7 4 0
Astronomy 95 20 73 1 0 6 0 63 1 2 0
Astrophysics 211 51 157 10 2 11 4 122 6 2 0
Astronomy and astrophysics, other 9 3 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0
Physics 2,006 849 1,049 46 0 86 19 834 31 5 28
Acoustics, optics/photonics 242 139 97 1 0 12 5 74 2 1 2
Applied physics 229 89 125 6 0 12 5 93 1 2 6
Atomic physics, polymer physics 180 86 93 5 0 12 0 69 4 0 3
Biophysics (physics) 138 52 82 2 0 3 2 72 2 0 1
Condensed matter, low-temperature physics 350 181 169 11 0 16 5 130 6 0 1
Elementary particle physics 231 85 145 7 0 15 2 112 5 2 2
Nuclear physics 92 33 57 1 0 1 0 50 3 0 2
Plasma, high-temperature physics 79 16 62 2 0 4 0 53 2 0 1
Physics, general 356 131 150 7 0 7 0 123 4 0 9
Physics, other 109 37 69 4 0 4 0 58 2 0 1
Mathematics and computer sciences 3,957 2,054 1,730 96 3 216 78 1,208 65 16 48
Computer and information sciences 2,085 1,204 783 33 0 119 42 535 25 9 20
Computer science 1,651 979 597 22 0 96 22 412 20 8 17
Information science, systems 175 65 89 7 0 12 13 55 1 0 1
Computer and information sciences, general 161 115 45 1 0 7 3 33 1 0 0
Computer and information sciences, other 98 45 52 3 0 4 4 35 3 1 2
Mathematics and statistics 1,872 850 947 63 3 97 36 673 40 7 28
Algebra 83 23 60 8 0 3 3 39 3 1 3
Analysis and functional analysis 97 44 41 3 0 2 1 34 1 0 0
Applied mathematics, computing theory 488 233 243 21 2 25 17 166 6 1 5
Geometry, geometric analysis 52 22 30 4 0 0 2 24 0 0 0
Logic, topology/foundations 55 19 35 1 0 3 0 29 2 0 0
Number theory 48 22 26 1 0 5 1 17 2 0 0
Operations research, mathematics/statistics-general, mathematics/statistics-other 784 337 406 19 1 41 8 299 20 5 13
Statistics (mathematics) 265 150 106 6 0 18 4 65 6 0 7
Psychology and social sciences 9,078 1,756 6,830 583 30 428 495 4,846 218 73 157
Psychology 3,946 306 3,371 306 11 188 232 2,406 110 31 87
Behavioral analysis 65 12 53 2 0 4 3 41 2 0 1
Clinical psychology 1,224 40 1,114 112 2 61 62 811 29 11 26
Cognitive neuroscience 162 30 129 15 0 12 3 91 4 0 4
Cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics 165 31 131 11 0 12 3 100 4 0 1
Community psychology 34 0 28 3 0 2 6 12 2 2 1
Counseling 316 22 272 24 4 11 33 178 11 0 11
Developmental and child psychology 236 26 207 19 1 17 13 147 6 2 2
Educational psychology (psychology) 108 8 91 7 0 7 9 63 5 0 0
Experimental psychology 144 12 129 6 0 6 5 108 3 0 1
Family psychology, human development and family studies 204 28 166 14 0 6 23 109 4 2 8
Health, medical psychology 53 4 48 4 1 0 6 33 2 0 2
Industrial and organizational psychology 217 16 192 27 1 3 10 134 7 4 6
Marriage and family therapy, counseling 77 4 61 7 0 3 11 34 4 1 1
Neuropsychology, physiological psychology 69 8 57 2 0 6 0 43 4 1 1
School psychology (psychology) 129 3 119 5 0 8 6 90 3 2 5
Social psychology 219 16 199 8 1 11 7 161 9 1 1
Psychology, general 302 22 190 25 0 9 18 117 5 3 13
Psychology, aggregated 222 24 185 15 1 10 14 134 6 2 3
Social sciences 5,132 1,450 3,459 277 19 240 263 2,440 108 42 70
Anthropology 460 76 360 38 5 15 17 265 13 6 1
Anthropology, cultural 290 57 232 24 3 14 13 166 8 4 0
Anthropology, physical and biological 80 2 78 8 0 0 0 64 4 2 0
Anthropology, general 90 17 50 6 2 1 4 35 1 0 1
Economics 1,238 658 521 31 1 61 18 378 7 6 19
Econometrics, economics 1,179 638 482 30 0 60 16 345 7 5 19
Natural resources and environmental economics (social sciences) 59 20 39 1 1 1 2 33 0 1 0
Political science and government 745 128 579 43 3 29 27 441 21 5 10
Sociology 615 89 508 33 1 32 43 365 21 7 6
Other social sciences 2,074 499 1,491 132 9 103 158 991 46 18 34
American, U.S. studies 111 7 97 9 2 6 9 66 2 3 0
Applied linguistics 81 34 45 6 0 2 0 31 4 0 2
Area, ethnic, cultural, and gender studies 261 36 220 38 2 21 44 98 10 5 2
Criminal justice and corrections 93 15 66 4 0 2 8 49 1 1 1
Criminology 104 12 88 6 0 1 4 75 1 0 1
Demography, gerontology, statistics, urban affairs, social sciences- general, social sciences-other 382 113 255 28 4 27 40 137 7 3 9
Geography 246 65 172 7 0 6 6 149 1 0 3
Health policy analysis 61 12 48 4 0 7 4 32 1 0 0
International relations, international affairs 137 40 91 6 0 2 6 69 5 0 3
Linguistics 237 75 149 11 1 8 2 111 4 3 9
Public policy analysis 230 44 179 7 0 13 24 124 6 1 4
Urban, city, community and regional planning 131 46 81 6 0 8 11 50 4 2 0
Engineering 9,469 4,848 4,181 271 8 642 173 2,810 120 35 122
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering 369 119 233 17 2 21 6 165 10 2 10
Bioengineering and biomedical engineering 1,089 300 746 50 0 162 24 467 26 8 9
Chemical engineering 923 403 470 32 0 75 11 326 11 3 12
Civil engineering 565 308 219 16 1 24 7 158 6 1 6
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering 1,827 1,164 547 28 1 108 33 331 16 2 28
Industrial and manufacturing engineering 256 164 82 9 0 13 7 47 2 3 1
Materials science engineering 985 496 456 36 0 64 18 307 17 1 13
Mechanical engineering 1,299 652 585 32 0 79 21 416 8 5 24
Other engineering 2,156 1,242 843 51 4 96 46 593 24 10 19
Computer engineering 402 274 119 7 0 28 5 71 5 1 2
Environmental, environmental health engineering 216 91 118 13 0 11 6 83 4 0 1
Nuclear engineering 131 46 83 4 0 4 1 66 1 1 6
Robotics 120 52 65 7 0 6 2 47 1 2 0
Structural engineering 116 80 35 1 0 5 1 28 0 0 0
Systems engineering 113 43 67 3 0 7 11 38 3 2 3
Other engineering, aggregated 1,058 656 356 16 4 35 20 260 10 4 7
Education 5,153 563 4,303 322 30 210 640 2,889 101 33 78
Education administration 829 32 730 44 6 17 171 456 11 9 16
Educational administration and supervision 148 3 138 8 1 7 35 79 2 1 5
Educational and human resource studies, development 63 10 52 4 0 3 10 35 0 0 0
Educational leadership 559 18 482 28 5 6 99 320 7 6 11
Urban education and leadership 59 1 58 4 0 1 27 22 2 2 0
Education research 2,386 280 1,981 157 13 106 274 1,328 54 15 34
Counseling education, counseling and guidance 276 19 242 17 2 7 47 151 10 2 6
Curriculum and instruction 380 34 299 24 3 12 36 202 10 3 9
Educational assessment, testing, measurement 66 22 44 3 0 5 7 24 5 0 0
Educational policy analysis 173 23 143 19 1 9 24 86 1 2 1
Educational psychology (education) 220 34 166 13 2 16 15 115 2 1 2
Educational statistics, research methods 76 22 52 6 0 5 3 35 2 0 1
Educational/instructional technology, media design 250 59 183 11 0 9 26 129 4 1 3
Higher education evaluation and research 451 21 420 36 2 16 70 281 9 4 2
International education 57 13 40 4 0 1 5 26 1 0 3
School psychology (education) 117 5 110 10 0 8 9 81 1 1 0
Social and philosophical foundations of education 63 7 55 2 0 5 14 29 3 0 2
Special education 257 21 227 12 3 13 18 169 6 1 5
Teacher education 181 13 159 5 2 5 26 111 4 0 6
Teaching fields 1,167 181 949 71 5 49 95 698 15 8 8
English as a second or foreign language 70 42 26 1 0 2 3 20 0 0 0
Health education 70 7 63 3 2 5 17 36 0 0 0
Literacy and reading education 137 8 122 10 1 5 14 89 1 0 2
Mathematics education 182 23 159 9 0 6 17 121 2 2 2
Music education 87 5 81 4 0 7 4 64 1 1 0
Physical education and coaching 38 11 26 1 0 0 2 23 0 0 0
Science education 133 11 116 10 0 8 10 84 2 1 1
Teaching fields, aggregated 450 74 356 33 2 16 28 261 9 4 3
Other education 590 57 484 45 4 33 74 296 17 1 14
Education, general 368 38 292 29 2 23 42 171 10 1 14
Other education, aggregated 222 19 192 16 2 10 32 125 7 0 0
Humanities and arts 5,484 712 4,447 318 19 180 170 3,527 112 28 93
Foreign languages and literature 599 164 399 92 2 13 3 273 4 3 9
French, Italian 141 35 97 4 0 1 0 90 1 0 1
Germanic language and literature 67 17 46 1 0 1 0 42 1 0 1
Latin American languages and literature 96 33 61 37 1 0 0 22 0 0 1
Spanish language and literature 127 32 84 33 0 1 1 46 0 1 2
Other aggregated languages 168 47 111 17 1 10 2 73 2 2 4
History 1,147 142 949 76 3 34 51 735 27 8 15
American history, United States and Canada 391 11 377 23 2 10 26 299 12 3 2
Asian history 73 33 37 3 0 13 1 19 1 0 0
European history 207 24 179 14 0 0 0 155 8 1 1
History, science and technology and society 66 12 52 3 0 4 1 43 0 0 1
Latin American history 77 17 60 21 0 0 3 36 0 0 0
Middle, Near East history 62 19 41 2 0 2 1 34 0 1 1
History, general 155 15 102 5 1 4 8 70 3 2 9
History, aggregated 116 11 101 5 0 1 11 79 3 1 1
Letters 1,533 126 1,314 55 4 50 44 1,099 27 6 29
American literature, United States and Canada 342 18 321 13 1 9 24 267 6 1 0
Classics 109 12 88 3 0 1 0 80 1 1 2
Comparative literature 173 48 113 8 0 6 5 89 2 2 1
English language 127 3 73 3 0 3 2 45 1 0 19
English literature, British and Commonwealth 414 31 381 13 1 23 5 330 7 0 2
Rhetoric and composition 212 8 196 7 1 3 4 172 5 0 4
Speech and rhetorical studies 39 2 35 3 0 0 1 28 2 1 0
Letters, aggregated 117 4 107 5 1 5 3 88 3 1 1
Other humanities and arts 2,205 280 1,785 95 10 83 72 1,420 54 11 40
Archaeology (humanities) 166 17 147 6 2 4 1 128 4 0 2
Art history, criticism, and conservation 278 36 225 16 0 10 2 181 8 3 5
Drama, theater arts 87 8 75 5 1 0 6 58 1 0 4
Film, cinema, video studies 73 12 59 5 0 5 2 45 2 0 0
Music 60 15 38 2 0 3 1 29 0 3 0
Musicology and ethnomusicology 127 9 111 5 0 8 7 85 6 0 0
Music performance 91 20 68 4 1 9 3 48 3 0 0
Music theory and composition 92 17 75 4 0 2 1 62 3 1 2
Philosophy, ethics 493 54 408 22 1 17 16 330 10 1 11
Religion/religious studies, Jewish/Judaic studies 281 21 229 7 0 9 10 185 6 0 12
Theology, religious education 212 28 159 6 3 6 8 129 3 1 3
Other humanities, aggregated 245 43 191 13 2 10 15 140 8 2 1
Otherb 2,943 890 1,865 124 3 189 197 1,250 43 17 42
Business management and administration 1,510 553 845 56 3 122 81 538 19 11 15
Accounting 177 41 128 5 0 22 6 91 3 0 1
Business administration and management 263 86 147 17 1 14 10 96 5 1 3
Finance 251 129 113 5 0 23 8 72 1 3 1
Human resources development 197 30 151 9 1 8 24 103 2 3 1
Management information systems, business statistics 107 48 53 2 0 10 8 33 0 0 0
Marketing management and research 140 55 81 4 1 21 6 45 2 2 0
Other aggregated business fields 375 164 172 14 0 24 19 98 6 2 9
Communication 673 160 472 34 0 26 30 359 12 2 9
Communication research 183 44 138 9 0 8 6 114 0 0 1
Mass communication, media studies 211 70 126 10 0 7 9 96 2 0 2
Communication, general 143 21 102 7 0 7 5 72 5 0 6
Communication, aggregated 136 25 106 8 0 4 10 77 5 2 0
Non-S&E fields not elsewhere classified 760 177 548 34 0 41 86 353 12 4 18
Architecture and environmental design 99 42 52 2 0 2 2 38 3 0 5
Family, consumer sciences and human sciences 39 14 25 2 0 2 4 17 0 0 0
Parks, sports, recreation, leisure and fitness 83 16 65 3 0 0 9 51 2 0 0
Public administration 143 38 103 5 0 5 26 62 2 0 3
Social work 294 32 246 18 0 25 42 146 4 4 7
Fields not elsewhere classified, aggregated 102 35 57 4 0 7 3 39 1 0 3
S&E = science and engineering.
a Includes 2,687 respondents who did not report citizenship.
b Non-science and engineering fields.
NOTE: See table A-5 in the technical notes for a listing of aggregated fields and their constituent fine fields.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2016.