Table 17. Doctorate recipients, by broad field of study and citizenship status: Selected years, 1986–2016

Field of study and citizenship status	1986	1991	1996	2001	2006	2011	2016
All fields	31,897	37,530	42,437	40,744	45,620	48,911	54,904
U.S. citizen or permanent resident	24,541	27,437	31,548	28,894	29,028	31,726	35,719
Temporary visa holder	5,318	9,374	9,740	9,812	14,198	14,235	16,498
Unknown	2,038	719	1,149	2,038	2,394	2,950	2,687
Life sciences^a	5,767	6,967	8,337	8,369	9,703	11,535	12,568
U.S. citizen or permanent resident	4,593	5,096	6,084	5,956	6,506	7,892	8,697
Temporary visa holder	881	1,765	2,088	2,050	2,723	3,029	3,362
Unknown	293	106	165	363	474	614	509
Physical sciences and earth sciences	3,644	4,406	4,550	4,024	4,686	5,271	6,252
U.S. citizen or permanent resident	2,567	2,890	3,078	2,447	2,479	3,048	3,666
Temporary visa holder	865	1,445	1,326	1,424	1,976	1,955	2,313
Unknown	212	71	146	153	231	268	273
Mathematics and computer sciences	1,128	1,838	2,042	1,840	2,778	3,273	3,957
U.S. citizen or permanent resident	652	968	1,162	957	1,207	1,603	1,730
Temporary visa holder	398	849	828	793	1,462	1,449	2,054
Unknown	78	21	52	90	109	221	173
Psychology and social sciences	6,150	6,470	7,167	7,151	7,231	8,221	9,078
U.S. citizen or permanent resident	4,984	5,199	5,834	5,543	5,381	6,070	6,830
Temporary visa holder	746	1,117	1,137	1,187	1,485	1,588	1,756
Unknown	420	154	196	421	365	563	492
Engineering	3,375	5,213	6,309	5,512	7,186	8,032	9,469
U.S. citizen or permanent resident	1,727	2,475	3,390	2,458	2,500	3,350	4,181
Temporary visa holder	1,383	2,644	2,767	2,790	4,295	4,164	4,848
Unknown	265	94	152	264	391	518	440
Education	6,649	6,454	6,785	6,356	6,122	4,670	5,153
U.S. citizen or permanent resident	5,803	5,788	6,075	5,462	5,171	3,878	4,303
Temporary visa holder	475	516	489	504	611	497	563
Unknown	371	150	221	390	340	295	287
Humanities and arts	3,443	4,053	4,982	5,430	5,332	5,226	5,484
U.S. citizen or permanent resident	2,911	3,491	4,261	4,601	4,240	4,192	4,447
Temporary visa holder	278	483	571	592	796	767	712
Unknown	254	79	150	237	296	267	325
Other^b	1,741	2,129	2,265	2,062	2,582	2,683	2,943
U.S. citizen or permanent resident	1,304	1,530	1,664	1,470	1,544	1,693	1,865
Temporary visa holder	292	555	534	472	850	786	890
Unknown	145	44	67	120	188	204	188