by Raymond M. Wolfe[1]
Businesses spent $356 billion on research and development performance in the United States in 2015, a 4.4% increase over the $341 billion spent in 2014 (table 1). Funding from the companies' own sources was $297 billion in 2015, a 5.0% increase from the $283 billion spent in 2014. Funding from other sources was $59 billion in 2015 and $58 billion in 2014. Data for this InfoBrief are from the Business R&D and Innovation Survey (BRDIS), developed and cosponsored by the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics within the National Science Foundation and by the U.S. Census Bureau.
i = more than 50% of the estimate is a combination of imputation and reweighting to account for nonresponse. a R&D is planned, creative work aimed at discovering new knowledge or developing new or significantly improved goods and services. This includes (1) activities aimed at acquiring new knowledge or understanding without specific immediate commercial applications or uses (basic research), (2) activities aimed at solving a specific problem or meeting a specific commercial objective (applied research), and (3) systematic use of research and practical experience to produce new or significantly improved goods, services, or processes (development).
NOTES: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Statistics are representative of companies located in the United States that performed or funded R&D. Excludes data for federally funded research and development centers. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, and U.S. Census Bureau, Business R&D and Innovation Survey. |
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Selected characteristic and company size | 2014 | 2015 | ||
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Domestic R&D performance | 340,728 | 355,821 | ||
Type of R&Da | ||||
Basic research | 21,936 | 21,792 | ||
Applied research | 53,415 | 56,472 | ||
Development | 265,377 | 277,558 | ||
Paid for by the companyb | 282,570 | 296,677 | ||
Basic research | 16,107 | 16,306 | ||
Applied research | 39,012 | 44,344 | ||
Development | 227,451 | 236,027 | ||
Paid for by others | 58,158 | 59,144 | ||
Basic research | 5,829 | 5,486 | ||
Applied research | 14,403 | 12,128 | ||
Development | 37,927 | i | 41,530 | |
Source of funds | ||||
Federal | 26,554 | i | 26,990 | |
Otherc | 31,604 | 32,154 | ||
Size of company (number of domestic employees) | ||||
Micro companiesd | ||||
5–9 | 3,295 | i | 2,988 | i |
Small companies | ||||
10–19 | 5,063 | i | 5,680 | i |
20–49 | 10,542 | i | 10,249 | i |
Medium companies | ||||
50–99 | 10,178 | i | 11,509 | |
100–249 | 13,492 | 13,602 | ||
Large companies | ||||
250–499 | 12,203 | 13,553 | ||
500–999 | 13,262 | 15,217 | ||
1,000–4,999 | 57,551 | 58,094 | ||
5,000–9,999 | 38,202 | 38,838 | ||
10,000–24,999 | 54,445 | 59,328 | ||
25,000 or more | 122,495 | 126,763 |
In 2015, of the $356 billion companies spent on R&D, $22 billion (6%) was spent on basic research, $56 billion (16%) on applied research, and $278 billion (78%) on development. The distribution was unchanged from 2014 (table 1). In 2015, companies in manufacturing industries performed $236 billion (66%) of domestic R&D, defined as R&D performed in the 50 states and Washington, D.C. (table 2). Most of the funding was from these companies' own funds (83%). Companies in nonmanufacturing industries performed $120 billion of domestic R&D (34% of total domestic R&D performance), 84% of which was paid for from companies' own funds.
D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information; i = more than 50% of the estimate is a combination of imputation and reweighting to account for nonresponse. NAICS = North American Industry Classification System; nec = not elsewhere classified. a Includes foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies ($6.8 billion).
NOTES: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Statistics are representative of companies located in the United States that performed or funded R&D. Industry classification was based on dominant business code for domestic R&D performance, where available. For companies that did not report business codes, the classification used for sampling was assigned. Excludes data for federally funded research and development centers. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, and U.S. Census Bureau, Business R&D and Innovation Survey, 2015. |
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Paid for by others | ||||||||||||||
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Companies | ||||||||||||||
Industry, NAICS code, and company size | All R&D | Paid for by the companya |
Total | Federal | Domestic | Foreignb | All other organizationsc |
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All industries, 21–33, 42–81 | 355,821 | 296,677 | 59,144 | 26,990 | 14,595 | i | 16,317 | 1,242 | ||||||
Manufacturing industries, 31–33 | 236,132 | 195,792 | 40,340 | 21,552 | i | 5,008 | 12,907 | 873 | ||||||
Chemicals, 325 | 68,196 | 58,769 | 9,427 | 410 | 1,546 | 7,413 | 58 | |||||||
Pharmaceuticals and medicines, 3254 | 58,675 | 50,242 | 8,432 | 138 | 1,465 | 6,772 | 57 | |||||||
Other 325 | 9,521 | 8,527 | 995 | 272 | 81 | 641 | 1 | |||||||
Machinery, 333 | 13,426 | 12,544 | 881 | i | 222 | 203 | i | 438 | i | 18 | i | |||
Computer and electronic products, 334 | 72,110 | 63,765 | 8,345 | 4,213 | 1,474 | 2,459 | 199 | |||||||
Electrical equipment, appliance, and components, 335 | 4,335 | 3,852 | 483 | i | 50 | i | 16 | i | 396 | i | 21 | i | ||
Transportation equipment, 336 | 49,274 | 29,224 | 20,050 | i | 16,515 | i | 1,304 | i | 1,690 | 541 | i | |||
Automobiles, bodies, trailers, and parts, 3361–63 | 19,078 | 16,636 | 2,441 | 200 | i | 547 | i | 1,602 | i | 92 | i | |||
Aerospace products and parts, 3364 | 27,464 | 11,138 | 16,326 | i | 15,064 | i | 738 | i | 76 | i | 448 | i | ||
Other 336 | 2,732 | 1,450 | 1,283 | i | 1,251 | i | 19 | i | 12 | i | 1 | i | ||
Manufacturing nec, other 31–33 | 28,791 | 27,638 | 1,154 | i | 142 | i | 465 | i | 511 | i | 36 | i | ||
Nonmanufacturing industries, 21–23, 42–81 | 119,690 | 100,885 | 18,804 | 5,438 | 9,587 | i | 3,411 | i | 368 | i | ||||
Information, 51 | 65,513 | 64,578 | 935 | 51 | D | D | D | |||||||
Software publishers, 5112 | 33,248 | 32,500 | 747 | 22 | D | D | D | |||||||
Other 51 | 32,265 | 32,078 | 188 | 29 | D | D | D | |||||||
Finance and insurance, 52 | 5,366 | 5,329 | 38 | 0 | 6 | i | 0 | 32 | i | |||||
Professional, scientific, and technical services, 54 | 38,626 | 21,915 | 16,710 | 5,323 | 9,074 | i | 2,048 | i | 265 | i | ||||
Computer systems design and related services, 5415 | 14,333 | 12,418 | 1,915 | i | 605 | i | 1,112 | i | 127 | i | 71 | i | ||
Scientific R&D services, 5417 | 16,329 | 3,896 | 12,433 | 2,939 | 7,669 | i | 1,684 | i | 141 | i | ||||
Other 54 | 7,964 | 5,601 | 2,362 | i | 1,779 | i | 293 | i | 237 | i | 53 | i | ||
Nonmanufacturing nec, other 21–23, 42–81 | 10,185 | 9,063 | 1,121 | 64 | D | D | D | |||||||
Size of company (number of domestic employees) | ||||||||||||||
Micro companiesd | ||||||||||||||
5–9 | 2,988 | i | 1,972 | i | 1,016 | i | 412 | i | 396 | i | 166 | i | 42 | i |
Small companies | ||||||||||||||
10–19 | 5,680 | i | 4,434 | i | 1,246 | i | 317 | i | 452 | i | 445 | i | 32 | i |
20–49 | 10,249 | i | 7,933 | i | 2,316 | i | 1,024 | 767 | i | 477 | i | 48 | i | |
Medium companies | ||||||||||||||
50–99 | 11,509 | 8,803 | 2,706 | 532 | 1,279 | i | 855 | i | 40 | i | ||||
100–249 | 13,602 | 11,037 | 2,566 | 1,006 | 723 | 740 | 97 | |||||||
Large companies | ||||||||||||||
250–499 | 13,553 | 11,368 | 2,185 | 723 | 449 | 934 | 79 | |||||||
500–999 | 15,217 | 13,194 | 2,023 | i | 183 | 634 | 1,175 | i | 31 | i | ||||
1,000–4,999 | 58,094 | 48,264 | 9,830 | 1,644 | i | 1,942 | i | 6,152 | 92 | i | ||||
5,000–9,999 | 38,838 | 34,660 | 4,178 | 891 | 1,143 | 2,050 | 94 | |||||||
10,000–24,999 | 59,328 | 48,450 | 10,878 | 4,244 | 3,519 | i | 2,936 | 179 | i | |||||
25,000 or more | 126,763 | 106,562 | 20,201 | 16,013 | i | 3,290 | 388 | 510 | i |
The U.S. federal government was the chief source of external funding for R&D (also referred to as R&D paid for by others) across all industries. Of the $59 billion paid for by others, the federal government accounted for $27 billion, most of which came from the Department of Defense ($18 billion) (data available in full set of data tables). Ninety-one percent of federal government funding went toward aerospace products and parts (North American Industry Classification System [NAICS] code 3364), professional, scientific, and technical services (NAICS 54), and computer and electronic products (NAICS 334). Next among external funders were foreign companies ($16 billion)—including foreign parent companies of U.S. subsidiaries—and other U.S. companies ($15 billion) (table 2). (See "Survey Information and Data Availability" for information on the availability of data tables with full industry detail.)
Micro-, small-, and medium-sized companies (5 to 249 domestic employees) performed 12% of the nation's total business R&D in 2015 (table 1). In these companies, the R&D-to-sales ratio (or R&D intensity) was 5.8%, compared with 3.9% for all companies overall (tables 1 and 3). These companies accounted for 8% of sales, employed 12% of the 18.9 million who worked for R&D-performing or R&D-funding companies, and employed 23% of the 1.5 million employees engaged in business R&D in the United States.
NAICS = North American Industry Classification System; nec = not elsewhere classified. a Includes values for goods or services rendered to customers outside the company, including the U.S. federal government, foreign customers, and the company's foreign subsidiaries. Included are revenues from a company's foreign operations and subsidiaries and from discontinued operations; excluded are intracompany transfers, returns, allowances, freight charges, and excise, sales, and other revenue-based taxes.
NOTES: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Statistics are representative of companies located in the United States that performed or funded R&D. Industry classification was based on dominant business code for domestic R&D performance, where available. For companies that did not report business codes, the classification used for sampling was assigned. Excludes data for federally funded research and development centers. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, and U.S. Census Bureau, Business R&D and Innovation Survey, 2015. |
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Domestic employment (thousands)c |
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Industry, NAICS code, and company size | Domestic net sales (US$millions)a |
R&D intensity (%)b |
Total | R&Dd | |||||||||
All industries, 21–33, 42–81 | 9,049,901 | 3.9 | 18,915 | 1,543 | |||||||||
Manufacturing industries, 31–33 | 5,358,542 | 4.4 | 10,151 | 916 | |||||||||
Chemicals, 325 | 1,023,512 | 6.7 | 1,373 | 167 | |||||||||
Pharmaceuticals and medicines, 3254 | 456,424 | 12.9 | 553 | 120 | |||||||||
Other 325 | 567,088 | 1.7 | 820 | 47 | |||||||||
Machinery, 333 | 360,719 | 3.7 | 989 | 82 | |||||||||
Computer and electronic products, 334 | 734,610 | 9.8 | 1,355 | 263 | |||||||||
Electrical equipment, appliance, and components, 335 | 150,020 | 2.9 | 330 | 28 | |||||||||
Transportation equipment, 336 | 1,187,996 | 4.1 | 1,754 | 185 | |||||||||
Automobiles, bodies, trailers, and parts, 3361–63 | 795,662 | 2.4 | 899 | 101 | |||||||||
Aerospace products and parts, 3364 | 324,873 | 8.5 | 671 | 70 | |||||||||
Other 336 | 67,461 | 4.0 | 184 | 14 | |||||||||
Manufacturing nec, other 31–33 | 1,901,685 | 1.5 | 4,350 | 191 | |||||||||
Nonmanufacturing industries, 21–23, 42–81 | 3,691,358 | 3.2 | 8,764 | 627 | |||||||||
Information, 51 | 1,105,520 | 5.9 | 1,972 | 279 | |||||||||
Software publishers, 5112 | 403,153 | 8.2 | 634 | 145 | |||||||||
Other 51 | 702,367 | 4.6 | 1,338 | 134 | |||||||||
Finance and insurance, 52 | 709,990 | 0.8 | 1,246 | 32 | |||||||||
Professional, scientific, and technical services, 54 | 421,966 | 9.2 | 1,592 | 246 | |||||||||
Computer systems design and related services, 5415 | 151,626 | 9.5 | 587 | 92 | |||||||||
Scientific R&D services, 5417 | 60,922 | 26.8 | 264 | 82 | |||||||||
Other 54 | 209,418 | 3.8 | 741 | 72 | |||||||||
Nonmanufacturing nec, other 21–23, 42–81 | 1,453,882 | 0.7 | 3,954 | 70 | |||||||||
Size of company (number of domestic employees) | |||||||||||||
Micro companiese | |||||||||||||
5–9 | 27,796 | 10.7 | 99 | 26 | |||||||||
Small companies | |||||||||||||
10–19 | 65,205 | 8.7 | 220 | 50 | |||||||||
20–49 | 180,807 | 5.7 | 534 | 91 | |||||||||
Medium companies | |||||||||||||
50–99 | 172,345 | 6.7 | 575 | 83 | |||||||||
100–249 | 317,168 | 4.3 | 855 | 100 | |||||||||
Large companies | |||||||||||||
250–499 | 280,846 | 4.8 | 805 | 86 | |||||||||
500–999 | 349,397 | 4.4 | 801 | 77 | |||||||||
1,000–4,999 | 1,292,971 | 4.5 | 2,676 | 254 | |||||||||
5,000–9,999 | 993,904 | 3.9 | 1,668 | 147 | |||||||||
10,000–24,999 | 1,629,495 | 3.6 | 2,935 | 228 | |||||||||
25,000 or more | 3,739,967 | 3.4 | 7,745 | 402 |
By contrast, large companies with 250 to 24,999 domestic employees performed 52% of the nation's total business R&D in 2015, and their R&D intensity was 4.1%. They accounted for 50% of sales, employed 47% of those who worked for R&D-performing or R&D-funding companies, and employed 51% of R&D employees in the United States. The largest companies (25,000 or more domestic employees) performed 36% of the nation's total business R&D in 2015, and their R&D intensity was 3.4%. They accounted for 41% of sales, employed 41% of those who worked for R&D-performing or R&D-funding companies, and employed 26% of R&D employees in the United States.
Business R&D is concentrated in a relatively small number of states. In 2015, companies reported $297 billion of domestic R&D paid for by the company. Businesses in California alone accounted for 32% of this amount (table 4). Other states with large amounts of business R&D paid for by companies' own funds in 2015 were Massachusetts (6% of the national total), Washington (6%), Michigan (5%), Texas (5%), New York (4%), New Jersey (4%), Illinois (4%), and Pennsylvania (3%).
e = more than 50% of the cell value is imputed due to raking of state data; i = more than 50% of the estimate is a combination of imputation and reweighting to account for nonresponse. a Includes data reported on Form BRDI-1 not allocated to a specific state, as well as data reported on Form BRDI-1(S) by multi-establishment companies. For single-establishment companies, data reported on Form BRDI-1(S) were allocated to the state in the address used to mail the survey form. NOTES: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding. Statistics are representative of companies located in the United States that performed or funded R&D. Excludes data for federally funded research and development centers. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, and U.S. Census Bureau, Business R&D and Innovation Survey, 2015. |
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State | All R&D | Paid for by the company |
Paid for by others |
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United States | 355,821 | 296,677 | 59,144 | ||||||||||
Alabama | 1,561 | 875 | 686 | ||||||||||
Alaska | 66 | e | 32 | e | 34 | ||||||||
Arizona | 5,515 | 4,450 | 1,065 | ||||||||||
Arkansas | 302 | 271 | 32 | e | |||||||||
California | 107,982 | 95,020 | 12,962 | ||||||||||
Colorado | 4,362 | 3,665 | 698 | ||||||||||
Connecticut | 8,533 | 6,441 | 2,092 | ||||||||||
Delaware | 2,681 | 2,049 | 632 | ||||||||||
District of Columbia | 299 | 198 | 101 | ||||||||||
Florida | 5,816 | 3,788 | 2,028 | i | |||||||||
Georgia | 4,614 | 3,821 | 793 | i | |||||||||
Hawaii | 186 | 123 | i | 63 | |||||||||
Idaho | 1,554 | 1,304 | 251 | ||||||||||
Illinois | 12,710 | 11,467 | 1,242 | ||||||||||
Indiana | 6,252 | 5,346 | 906 | ||||||||||
Iowa | 2,539 | 1,916 | 623 | ||||||||||
Kansas | 2,126 | 1,515 | 612 | ||||||||||
Kentucky | 1,292 | 763 | 529 | ||||||||||
Louisiana | 400 | i | 325 | 75 | e | ||||||||
Maine | 298 | 259 | 39 | ||||||||||
Maryland | 5,136 | 2,825 | 2,310 | ||||||||||
Massachusetts | 21,484 | 17,719 | 3,765 | ||||||||||
Michigan | 17,136 | 15,620 | 1,516 | ||||||||||
Minnesota | 6,820 | 6,290 | 530 | ||||||||||
Mississippi | 216 | 186 | 30 | e | |||||||||
Missouri | 6,078 | i | 3,737 | 2,341 | i | ||||||||
Montana | 225 | i | 200 | i | 25 | ||||||||
Nebraska | 578 | 539 | 39 | e | |||||||||
Nevada | 381 | 329 | 52 | e | |||||||||
New Hampshire | 1,932 | 817 | 1,115 | ||||||||||
New Jersey | 14,113 | 11,627 | 2,486 | ||||||||||
New Mexico | 502 | 254 | 249 | ||||||||||
New York | 15,329 | 11,897 | 3,432 | ||||||||||
North Carolina | 8,572 | 6,428 | 2,144 | ||||||||||
North Dakota | 211 | 191 | 19 | e | |||||||||
Ohio | 9,044 | 6,149 | 2,895 | ||||||||||
Oklahoma | 661 | 605 | 57 | e | |||||||||
Oregon | 6,357 | 6,103 | 254 | ||||||||||
Pennsylvania | 10,354 | 9,022 | 1,332 | i | |||||||||
Rhode Island | 751 | 679 | 72 | ||||||||||
South Carolina | 1,289 | 1,129 | 160 | ||||||||||
South Dakota | 139 | 115 | 24 | ||||||||||
Tennessee | 1,570 | 1,345 | 225 | ||||||||||
Texas | 17,350 | 14,790 | 2,561 | ||||||||||
Utah | 3,274 | 2,685 | 589 | ||||||||||
Vermont | 247 | 204 | 43 | i | |||||||||
Virginia | 4,486 | 2,719 | 1,768 | i | |||||||||
Washington | 16,940 | 16,313 | 627 | ||||||||||
West Virginia | 201 | 158 | 42 | i | |||||||||
Wisconsin | 4,676 | 4,052 | 623 | ||||||||||
Wyoming | 177 | 137 | 40 | ||||||||||
Undistributed fundsa | 10,504 | 8,188 | 2,316 |
U.S. companies that performed or funded R&D reported domestic net sales of $9 trillion in 2015 (table 3).[2] For all industries, the R&D intensity was 3.9%; for manufacturers, 4.4%; and for nonmanufacturers, 3.2%. Manufacturing industries with high levels of R&D intensity in 2015 were pharmaceuticals and medicines (NAICS 3254) (12.9%), computer and electronic products (NAICS 334) (9.8%), and aerospace products and parts (NAICS 3364) (8.5%). Among the nonmanufacturing industries, industries with high levels of R&D intensity were scientific R&D services (NAICS 5417) (26.8%), computer systems design and related services (NAICS 5415) (9.5%), and software publishers (NAICS 5112) (8.2%).
Businesses that performed or funded R&D employed 18.9 million people in the United States in 2015. Approximately 1.5 million (8%) were R&D employees.[3] Not surprisingly, industries with high levels of R&D intensity also had high numbers of R&D employees in 2015: computer and electronic products (NAICS 334) (263,000 R&D employees), pharmaceuticals and medicines (NAICS 3254) (120,000), and aerospace products and parts (NAICS 3364) (70,000). Nonmanufacturing industry groups with high numbers of R&D employees were software publishers (NAICS 5112) (145,000), computer systems design and related services (NAICS 5415) (92,000), and scientific R&D services (NAICS 5417) (82,000) (table 3).
Companies that performed R&D in the United States in 2015 spent $559 billion on assets with expected useful lives of more than 1 year (table 5). Of this amount, $28 billion (5%) was spent on structures, equipment, software, and other assets used for R&D: $17 billion by manufacturers and $12 billion by companies in nonmanufacturing industries. Manufacturing industry groups with high levels of capital expenditures on assets used for R&D in 2015 were semiconductor and other electronic products (NAICS 3344) ($2.9 billion), pharmaceuticals and medicines (NAICS 3254) ($2.9 billion), communication equipment (NAICS 3342) ($2.5 billion), automobiles, bodies, trailers, and parts (NAICS 3361–63) ($1.3 billion), and aerospace products and parts (NAICS 3364) ($0.6 billion). Among the nonmanufacturing industries with high levels of capital assets used for R&D were software publishers (NAICS 5112) ($1.4 billion), telecommunications services (NAICS 517) ($1.4 billion), and computer systems design and related services (NAICS 5415) ($2.2 billion).
i = more than 50% of the estimate is a combination of imputation and reweighting to account for nonresponse. NAICS = North American Industry Classification System; nec = not elsewhere classified. a Capital expenditures are payments by a business for assets that usually have a useful life of more than 1 year. The value of assets acquired or improved through capital expenditures is recorded on a company's balance sheet. BRDIS statistics exclude the cost of purchased land and assets acquired through mergers and acquisitions.
NOTES: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Statistics are representative of companies located in the United States that performed R&D. Industry classification was based on dominant business code for domestic R&D performance, where available. For companies that did not report business codes, the classification used for sampling was assigned. Excludes data for federally funded research and development centers. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, and U.S. Census Bureau, Business R&D and Innovation Survey, 2015. |
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Used for domestic R&D | |||||||||||||
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Selected industry, NAICS code, and company size | Totala | Totala,b | Structuresc | Equipment | Capitalized software |
All other and undistributedd |
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All industries, 21–33, 42–81 | 558,899 | 28,203 | 3,674 | 13,704 | 6,970 | 3,856 | |||||||
Manufacturing industries, 31–33 | 229,229 | 16,626 | 2,789 | 9,241 | 1,738 | 2,858 | |||||||
Chemicals, 325 | 52,704 | 3,839 | 849 | 2,116 | 457 | 417 | |||||||
Pharmaceuticals and medicines, 3254 | 15,931 | 2,949 | 771 | 1,546 | 398 | 234 | |||||||
Other 325 | 36,773 | 890 | 78 | 570 | 59 | 183 | |||||||
Machinery, 333 | 12,295 | 725 | i | 66 | 487 | i | 43 | i | 129 | i | |||
Computer and electronic products, 334 | 25,473 | i | 7,192 | i | 1,100 | i | 3,945 | i | 642 | i | 1,505 | i | |
Communication equipment, 3342 | 8,944 | i | 2,469 | i | 644 | i | 1,475 | i | 228 | i | 122 | i | |
Semiconductor and other electronic products, 3344 | 9,369 | i | 2,866 | i | 41 | i | 1,594 | i | 250 | i | 980 | i | |
Other 334 | 7,160 | i | 1,857 | i | 415 | i | 876 | i | 164 | i | 403 | i | |
Electrical equipment, appliance, and components, 335 | 4,414 | 351 | i | 16 | i | 157 | i | 46 | i | 131 | i | ||
Transportation equipment, 336 | 63,080 | 2,039 | 412 | 1,089 | 178 | 360 | |||||||
Automobiles, bodies, trailers, and parts, 3361–63 | 42,378 | 1,307 | 122 | 774 | 129 | 282 | |||||||
Aerospace products and parts, 3364 | 17,348 | 621 | 269 | 261 | 48 | 43 | |||||||
Other 336 | 3,354 | 111 | 21 | 54 | 1 | 35 | |||||||
Manufacturing nec, other 31–33 | 71,263 | 2,480 | 346 | 1,447 | 372 | 316 | |||||||
Nonmanufacturing industries, 21–23, 42–81 | 329,670 | 11,577 | 885 | 4,464 | i | 5,231 | 998 | ||||||
Information, 51 | 103,200 | 4,291 | 416 | 2,500 | i | 1,100 | i | 274 | |||||
Software publishers, 5112 | 10,771 | 1,371 | 294 | 780 | 120 | 178 | |||||||
Telecommunications services, 517 | 74,818 | 1,402 | 2 | 952 | i | 434 | i | 14 | i | ||||
Other 51 | 17,611 | 1,518 | 120 | 768 | i | 546 | i | 82 | |||||
Finance and insurance, 52 | 12,950 | 2,394 | 24 | 201 | 1,958 | 211 | |||||||
Professional, scientific, and technical services, 54 | 18,456 | 3,389 | 219 | 1,116 | 1,747 | 306 | |||||||
Computer systems design and related services, 5415 | 6,997 | 2,183 | 145 | 579 | 1,407 | 52 | |||||||
Scientific R&D services, 5417 | 1,663 | 737 | 73 | 357 | i | 74 | 232 | i | |||||
Other 54 | 9,796 | 469 | 1 | 180 | 266 | 22 | i | ||||||
Nonmanufacturing nec, other 21–23, 42–81 | 195,064 | 1,503 | 226 | 647 | 426 | 207 | |||||||
Size of company (number of domestic employees) | |||||||||||||
Micro companiese | |||||||||||||
5–9 | 1,235 | i | 213 | i | 10 | i | 63 | i | 47 | i | 94 | ||
Small companies | |||||||||||||
10–19 | 3,682 | i | 444 | i | 44 | i | 251 | i | 74 | i | 75 | i | |
20–49 | 5,939 | i | 749 | i | 65 | i | 356 | i | 212 | i | 116 | ||
Medium companies | |||||||||||||
50–99 | 6,206 | i | 767 | i | 70 | 454 | 160 | i | 84 | i | |||
100–249 | 11,986 | i | 1,094 | 172 | 573 | 202 | i | 147 | i | ||||
Large companies | |||||||||||||
250–499 | 10,363 | i | 1,022 | 108 | 523 | 233 | 158 | ||||||
500–999 | 22,997 | i | 1,119 | 93 | 637 | 253 | 135 | ||||||
1,000–4,999 | 61,319 | 4,197 | 602 | 2,191 | 872 | 533 | |||||||
5,000–9,999 | 70,879 | 3,630 | 640 | 1,714 | 637 | 639 | |||||||
10,000–24,999 | 113,859 | 4,304 | 535 | 1,544 | 1,340 | 884 | |||||||
25,000 or more | 250,432 | 10,664 | i | 1,335 | i | 5,399 | i | 2,941 | i | 990 | i |
The sample for BRDIS was selected to represent all for-profit, nonfarm companies that are publicly or privately held and have five or more employees in the United States. Estimates produced from the survey and presented in this InfoBrief are restricted to companies that perform or fund R&D, either domestically or abroad. Because the statistics from the survey are based on a sample, they are subject to both sampling and nonsampling errors (see technical notes in the data table reports at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/industry/).
In this InfoBrief, money amounts are expressed in current U.S. dollars and are not adjusted for inflation. A company is defined as a business organization located in the United States, either U.S. owned or a U.S. affiliate of a foreign parent, of one or more establishments under common ownership or control that performs or funds R&D.
For 2014, a total of 44,162 companies were sampled to represent the population of 1,998,858 companies; for 2015, a total of 44,824 companies were sampled, representing 2,029,436 companies. The actual numbers of reporting units in the sample that remained within the scope of the survey between sample selection and tabulation were 40,953 for 2014 and 40,806 for 2015. These lower counts represent the number of reporting units that were determined to be within the scope of the survey after all data collected were processed. Reasons for the reduced counts include mergers, acquisitions, and instances where companies had fewer than five paid employees in the United States or had gone out of business in the interim. Of these in-scope reporting units, 72.5% were considered to have met the criteria for a complete response to the 2014 survey; 79.6% met the 2015 survey response criteria. Industry classification was based on the dominant business activity for domestic R&D performance where available. For reporting units that did not report business activity codes for R&D, the classification used for sampling was assigned.
The full set of data tables from this survey will be available in the report Business R&D and Innovation: 2015 https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/industry/). Individual data tables and tables with relative standard errors and imputation rates from the 2015 survey are available in advance of the full report. For further information, contact Raymond M. Wolfe.
[1] Raymond M. Wolfe, Research and Development Statistics Program, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 965, Arlington, VA 22230.(rwolfe@nsf.gov; 703-292-7789).
[2] Determining the amount of domestic net sales and operating revenues was left to the reporting company. However, guidance was given to include revenues from foreign operations and subsidiaries and from discontinued operations and to exclude intracompany transfers, returns, allowances, freight charges, and excise, sales, and other revenue-based taxes.
[3] Employment statistics in this InfoBrief are head counts. Full-time equivalent statistics are available in the data tables. R&D employees include scientists and engineers, their managers, and the technicians, technologists, and support staff members who work on R&D or who provide direct support to R&D activities.