Table 47. Employment sector of doctorate recipients with definite postgraduation commitments for employment in the United States, by sex, citizenship status, ethnicity, and race: Selected years, 1995–2015
| Employment commitment and sector |
Totala |
Sex |
Citizenship status |
U.S. citizens and permanent residents |
| Male |
Female |
U.S. citizen or permanent resident |
Temporary visa holder |
Hispanic or Latino |
Not Hispanic or Latino |
Ethnicity not reported |
| American Indian or Alaska Native |
Asian |
Black or African American |
White |
More than one race |
Other race or race not reported |
| All U.S. employment commitments (number) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1995 |
15,303 |
8,420 |
6,882 |
14,049 |
1,249 |
449 |
67 |
1,028 |
707 |
11,681 |
na |
54 |
63 |
| 2000 |
17,248 |
9,361 |
7,887 |
14,850 |
2,387 |
601 |
87 |
849 |
887 |
12,203 |
na |
146 |
77 |
| 2005 |
15,658 |
8,145 |
7,513 |
12,733 |
2,899 |
606 |
68 |
727 |
801 |
10,156 |
161 |
112 |
102 |
| 2010 |
14,706 |
7,557 |
7,149 |
12,108 |
2,517 |
658 |
D |
816 |
812 |
9,263 |
215 |
D |
207 |
| 2015 |
15,160 |
8,206 |
6,954 |
11,806 |
3,315 |
630 |
38 |
871 |
761 |
9,072 |
301 |
74 |
59 |
| Academe (%)b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1995 |
52.4 |
47.1 |
58.9 |
53.0 |
45.8 |
59.2 |
62.7 |
37.2 |
58.4 |
53.8 |
na |
57.4 |
52.4 |
| 2000 |
48.6 |
43.9 |
54.3 |
51.1 |
33.6 |
56.2 |
62.1 |
34.6 |
52.2 |
51.8 |
na |
51.4 |
57.1 |
| 2005 |
54.3 |
49.5 |
59.6 |
56.3 |
45.7 |
61.7 |
52.9 |
46.2 |
56.2 |
56.8 |
58.4 |
49.1 |
51.0 |
| 2010 |
52.6 |
47.1 |
58.4 |
54.6 |
43.8 |
55.8 |
D |
43.5 |
49.3 |
55.9 |
51.2 |
D |
55.1 |
| 2015 |
48.5 |
41.4 |
56.9 |
53.0 |
32.5 |
54.1 |
63.2 |
37.5 |
53.6 |
54.2 |
57.1 |
56.8 |
54.2 |
| Government (%)b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1995 |
8.1 |
8.8 |
7.3 |
8.7 |
1.8 |
9.1 |
6.0 |
5.4 |
6.9 |
9.0 |
na |
7.4 |
15.9 |
| 2000 |
7.4 |
8.1 |
6.5 |
8.3 |
1.8 |
8.8 |
11.5 |
6.4 |
9.0 |
8.3 |
na |
6.2 |
14.3 |
| 2005 |
6.9 |
7.5 |
6.3 |
8.2 |
1.5 |
6.4 |
11.8 |
8.7 |
8.9 |
8.0 |
10.6 |
12.5 |
9.8 |
| 2010 |
8.9 |
9.5 |
8.2 |
10.3 |
2.4 |
9.7 |
D |
9.9 |
13.4 |
10.0 |
D |
8.6 |
10.1 |
| 2015 |
7.1 |
7.5 |
6.7 |
8.7 |
1.6 |
8.1 |
D |
8.3 |
11.2 |
8.6 |
8.0 |
D |
11.9 |
| Industry or business (%)b,c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1995 |
21.7 |
29.1 |
12.7 |
19.6 |
45.6 |
15.1 |
14.9 |
49.0 |
6.6 |
17.9 |
na |
24.1 |
23.8 |
| 2000 |
26.0 |
34.6 |
16.0 |
20.8 |
58.4 |
17.5 |
8.0 |
48.1 |
12.0 |
19.8 |
na |
26.7 |
23.4 |
| 2005 |
22.8 |
30.6 |
14.3 |
16.9 |
48.5 |
12.0 |
16.2 |
35.8 |
8.1 |
16.6 |
13.7 |
14.3 |
22.5 |
| 2010 |
23.3 |
30.9 |
15.2 |
18.3 |
47.4 |
16.0 |
18.2 |
35.4 |
10.8 |
17.4 |
21.4 |
20.4 |
21.3 |
| 2015 |
32.4 |
41.9 |
21.2 |
24.0 |
62.4 |
23.3 |
D |
43.3 |
12.9 |
23.3 |
22.6 |
D |
18.6 |
| Nonprofit organization (%)b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1995 |
6.3 |
6.3 |
6.3 |
6.6 |
2.6 |
5.1 |
1.5 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
7.1 |
na |
3.7 |
4.8 |
| 2000 |
5.9 |
5.0 |
7.0 |
6.5 |
2.5 |
5.2 |
4.6 |
5.8 |
5.4 |
6.7 |
na |
5.5 |
0.0 |
| 2005 |
5.3 |
4.6 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
2.2 |
6.1 |
8.8 |
5.8 |
5.4 |
6.0 |
6.2 |
6.3 |
6.9 |
| 2010 |
5.2 |
4.8 |
5.7 |
5.7 |
3.0 |
5.6 |
D |
5.5 |
6.5 |
5.6 |
D |
4.3 |
4.8 |
| 2015 |
6.1 |
5.0 |
7.5 |
7.1 |
2.5 |
7.0 |
D |
7.6 |
8.0 |
7.0 |
7.0 |
D |
11.9 |
| Other or unknown (%)b,d |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1995 |
11.4 |
8.7 |
14.8 |
12.1 |
4.2 |
11.4 |
14.9 |
4.0 |
23.6 |
12.2 |
na |
7.4 |
3.2 |
| 2000 |
12.0 |
8.5 |
16.2 |
13.4 |
3.6 |
12.3 |
13.8 |
5.2 |
21.4 |
13.5 |
na |
10.3 |
5.2 |
| 2005 |
10.7 |
7.8 |
13.9 |
12.7 |
2.1 |
13.7 |
10.3 |
3.6 |
21.5 |
12.6 |
11.2 |
17.9 |
9.8 |
| 2010 |
10.0 |
7.7 |
12.5 |
11.2 |
3.3 |
12.9 |
11.4 |
5.6 |
20.0 |
11.0 |
8.4 |
3.2 |
8.7 |
| 2015 |
5.8 |
4.2 |
7.8 |
7.1 |
1.0 |
7.5 |
13.2 |
3.3 |
14.3 |
7.0 |
5.3 |
4.1 |
3.4 |