Polar Programs
The Earth's polar regions offer compelling
scientific opportunities, but their isolation and
their extreme climates challenge the
achievement of these opportunities.
The Foundation's programs for support of
research in the Antarctic and the Arctic
acknowledge the need to understand the
relationships of these regions with global
processes, the need to understand the regions
as unique entities, and the opportunities
presented by the regions as research platforms.
NSF's polar programs thus provide special
support for investigations in a range of scientific
disciplines.
In both polar regions, NSF has developed and
can provide to investigators the operational
capability to deploy and support modern field
and laboratory science.
The United States Antarctic Research Program
(USAP) aims to increase understanding of the
antarctic region and its relationship to the rest
of the planet. In the U.S. Antarctic Program,
NSF supports only that research that can be
done only in Antarctica or that can be done
best in Antarctica. This research is the major
focus of the USAP, the comprehensive name
for U.S. Government-sponsored activities in
Antarctica. The Foundation funds and manages
the antarctic program in support of the range of
U.S. interests and the Nation's adherence to the
Antarctic Treaty.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The Foundation provides funding and
operational support for basic research in the
disciplines discussed below. On occasion
applied research is supported, usually on a
contract basis, to improve operational
capabilities in Antarctica.
- Astrophysics--Located at the Earth's spin
axis, South Pole Station is well situated
for long, continuous astronomical and
astrophysical observations. The high
elevation of the station (2,835 meters),
the dry atmosphere, the extremely low
effective sky temperature, the isolation
from man-made and other noise, and
long periods of clear weather provide
superior observing conditions. The
program objective is to advance
astrophysical research by taking
advantage of these special
characteristics.
- Atmospheric Sciences--Antarctica has an
active relationship with regional and
perhaps global weather and climate
patterns. Far removed from pollution
sources, it is an important monitoring
and research area for world background
levels of natural and anthropogenic
atmospheric constituents. Conditions in
Antarctica have proven to be reflections
of global atmospheric changes on many
scales. Research objectives are to
improve understanding of physical
processes of the atmosphere, to
determine the relationship between
events and conditions in the antarctic
atmosphere and global events, and to
determine the region's role in past and
present global climate.
- Earth Sciences--Antarctica represents
about 9 percent of the Earth's
continental crust and has been in a near-
polar position for more than 100 million
years. Reconnaissance has identified the
geology of most ice-free areas, and
research has provided an outline of the
region's geology and geophysics. Major
clues have been obtained in support of
the theories of continental drift and the
Gondwanaland supercontinent. Geologic
maps have been made of some areas.
Objectives are to understand the geology
and the geological history of Antarctica
and to determine the relationship of
Antarctica to global geodynamics. A
special objective is to collect and make
available for study some of the large
numbers of meteorites that have
concentrated on the surface in ice
ablation areas.
- Environmental Research--Funding from
the Polar Operations Section supports
research to help reduce the
environmental footprint of NSF's
activities in Antarctica and establish a
baseline for future measurements. Areas
of inquiry might include policy research,
effects of past practices, environmental
monitoring activities, materials and waste
management, current impacts, resilience
of ecosystems, and promising
technologies. Proposals will be
considered from basic and applied
research disciplines in any field of
science, mathematics, or engineering
normally supported by NSF at academic
institutions, Federal agencies, and the
private sector.
- Glaciology--The world's largest ice sheet
covers 97 percent of the Antarctic
continent and is up to 4.8 kilometers
thick. It is a storehouse of information
about climate and atmospheric
constituents and their variation over
time. Objectives are to determine the
dynamics of the ice sheets, to understand
the climatic record stored in the layers
of firn and ice, to determine the history
of glacial advance and retreat through
study of glacial-geologic deposits, and to
determine the present dynamic status of
the ice sheets and their relationship to
glacial and climatic history.
- Instrumentation--Instrumentation
development and support will be
considered for funding in such areas as
acquiring new research equipment or
modernizing existing equipment,
developing instruments or techniques
that extend research capabilities,
supporting research technicians, doing
demonstration or feasibility projects, and
developing new or enhanced remote
sensing techniques.
- Marine Biology--The oceans around
Antarctica make up one of the world's
most productive regions. Objectives are
to understand the structure and function
of the Antarctic marine ecosystems; to
determine the major features and
adaptations of organisms; and to acquire
more knowledge of their distribution,
abundance, and dynamics. Major focus is
on ship- and shore-based studies that
stress trophodynamics, including detailed
investigations at all trophic levels.
Emphases include krill, ice-edge
ecosystems, and low-temperature
adaptations.
- Marine Geology and Geophysics--The
seafloor around Antarctica is complex
and presents fundamental problems in
marine geology and geophysics. Its
sediments provide a detailed record of
changes over time in the size of the
antarctic ice sheet. Objectives are to
interpret geological and glacial history as
recorded in sediments and to support
studies of specific scientific problems
revealed by earlier surveys.
- Medical Research-Biomedical studies
are directed toward epidemiology of
viral infections and physiological and
psychological attributes of people in
small, isolated groups.
- Physical and Chemical Oceanography--
The southern ocean has a central role in
world ocean circulation. Large-scale heat
exchange and ice formation at the ocean
surface overturns the water column and
mixes trace constituents, making the
southern ocean the site of global-scale
ventilation and a major source of the
world's intermediate and deep water
masses. Huge changes in the extent of
sea ice (varying annually between 4 and
20 million square kilometers) also
influence energy transfer. The Antarctic
Circumpolar Current, the world's largest
ocean current, has a major effect on
general oceanic circulation. Research
objectives are to determine the dynamics
of formation and distribution of water
masses, currents, and sea ice; to
investigate the relationship between
oceanic and atmospheric circulation
systems and the physical basis for
biological productivity; and to investigate
the relationship of the southern ocean
and climate.
- Terrestrial and Freshwater Biology--The
biota of terrestrial and freshwater
Antarctica are of special interest,
particularly their adaptation to the
extreme environment. The simplicity of
these ecosystems provides opportunities
for analysis that is more difficult or
impossible in the complex systems of the
lower latitudes. Research objectives are
to understand features and adaptations
of organisms and to gain further
knowledge of their distribution,
abundance, and dynamics.
- Upper Atmosphere Physics--Unique
studies of Earth's magnetosphere and
ionosphere and of Sun-Earth
relationships are possible in Antarctica
because of its physically stable location
at a high geomagnetic latitude. Year-
round, station-based research is possible
at geomagnetic latitudes ranging from 53
degrees south at Palmer to 79 degrees
south at McMurdo Station. Research
objectives are to improve understanding
of earth's upper atmosphere and near-
space environment; to investigate
coupling between the neutral
atmosphere, the ionosphere, and the
magnetosphere; and to investigate solar
terrestrial effects.
OPERATIONAL SUPPORT
In addition to granting funds for research, the
program provides scientists with logistics,
operational, and laboratory support in
Antarctica. The support includes a year-round
inland research station at the South Pole (90
degrees south latitude); two year-round coastal
research stations (McMurdo at 78 degrees
south and Palmer at 64 degrees south) with
extensive laboratory and computing capabilities;
summer camps (as required for research); the
ice-strengthened research ship Polar Duke (67
meters in length); the icebreaking research ship
Nathaniel B. Palmer (94 meters); a fleet of ski-
equipped LC-130 airplanes; Twin Otter
airplanes (when required); helicopters; an
icebreaker for channel breaking at McMurdo
and research support; a variety of oversnow
vehicles; and automated, unmanned weather
and geophysical observatories. Ships of the U.S.
academic fleet and the Ocean Drilling Program
also support research in Antarctica on occasion.
Air transport between New Zealand and
McMurdo is provided several times per week in
the austral summer from early October to the
end of February. From McMurdo, the logistics
hub, parties can access other sites, including the
station at the South Pole. Several flights are
made in August between New Zealand and
McMurdo, providing an opportunity for winter
access. Other winter flights to McMurdo are
feasible if required. Between February and
October the summer camps are closed and
winter research is limited to the immediate
environs of South Pole and McMurdo, where
station residents are isolated as long as eight
months.
Palmer Station, located on Anvers Island by the
Antarctic Peninsula, relies mainly on the Polar
Duke (during or between research cruises) for
transport to a port at the southern tip of South
America. The ship makes several trips
throughout the year. Air access via a Chilean
station on King George Island is provided on
occasion. The Polar Duke provides onboard
research support in marine biology,
oceanography, and geophysics and can support
science in other areas of the southern oceans.
U.S. antarctic stations and ships provide voice
and data communications (including Internet)
to locations outside Antarctica.
NON-UNITED STATES FACILITIES--INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
The United States enthusiastically cooperates in
research with the other Antarctic Treaty
nations. U.S. scientists wishing to do research
with other nations' programs are asked to
contact the Office of Polar Programs (OPP)
science program manager before submitting a
proposal.
Eligibility
U.S. academic institutions and academically
related nonprofit organizations may submit
proposals for research project support. Industry
and local, State, and Federal agencies also are
eligible. The Foundation particularly
encourages proposals from women and
minorities and proposals for research projects
that include participation by undergraduates
and high school graduates under guidelines
established by cross-disciplinary NSF programs
(e.g., Research Experiences for Undergraduates
and the Young Scholars Program). All persons
proposed to perform fieldwork in Antarctica
must pass a physical examination that has
standards specified by the USAP.
Proposal Preparation
The following publications describe research
opportunities in more detail than does the NSF
Guide to Programs. They contain material to
help proposers evaluate the potential
environmental impact of their projects and
describe their operational needs in Antarctica,
give instructions that are special to the USAP,
and describe individuals' legal obligations for
Antarctic conservation and waste management
under the Antarctic Conservation Act, a U.S.
law. These publications are
- Antarctic Research Proposal Guide
(Annex) (NSF 94-62)
- Antarctic Research Program
Announcement and Proposal Guide (NSF
93-49)
The Grant Proposal Guide (NSF 94-2) gives
NSF proposal requirements and guidance for
preparing proposals to any NSF program and
the forms necessary to do so. It includes the
Proposal Forms Kit (NSF 94-3), which contains
forms needed to submit a proposal.
To obtain copies of these publications by mail,
write to the NSF Publications Unit, National
Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard,
Room P15, Arlington, Virginia 22230; by phone
call (703) 306-1130, or by Internet,
pubs@nsf.gov.
For scientists writing proposals who are not
familiar with the USAP, prior discussion with
someone in OPP can be helpful if your
questions are not readily answered in the books
referenced above. Science program managers in
the various disciplines within OPP can be
telephoned at (703) 306-1030. Questions of an
operational nature may be referred to a
member of the Polar Operations Section, (703)
306-1032. Specialists also are available in the
areas of environmental protection, safety, and
Antarctic Conservation Act permits.
Deadline Window
Antarctic proposals may be submitted each year
during the one-month window between May 1
and June 1. Proposals received before May 1
normally will be returned for later submission.
Those postmarked after June 1 are subject to
return without review.
To provide time for proposal review and for
operational planning, proposals normally will be
considered for fieldwork beginning no sooner
than a year later. Thus proposals received in
May 1995 will be considered for the 1996-97
austral summer season and the 1997 austral
winter.
Field projects requiring large amounts of cargo
in Antarctica may require additional lead time
to allow for transport by ship.
Requests for support of antarctic research not
involving work in the field should be received
in the May before the fiscal year in which funds
are sought. Thus proposals received in May
1995 will be considered for funding beginning
in fiscal year 1996, which starts October 1,
1995.
Literature
Antarctic Journal of the United States (since
1966). Washington: National Science
Foundation. Available from the Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
Quarterly news plus annual reviews of the
United States Antarctic Research Program.
The following publications are available from
the Polar Research Board, National Academy
of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20037, (202) 334-3479.
- United StatesResearch in Antarctic in
the Year 2000 and Beyond(1986)
- Antarctic Solid-Earth Sciences Research:
A Guide for the Next Decade and Beyond
(1986)
- Recommendations for a United States Ice
Coring Program (1986)
- Polar Regions and Climate Change (1984)
- Research Emphases for the U.S. Antarctic
Program (1983)
- Study of the Upper Atmosphere and Near-
Earth Space in Polar Regions (1982)
- Polar Biomedical Research (1982)
- An Evaluation of Antarctic Marine
Ecosystem Research (1981)
- Physical Oceanography and Tracer
Chemistry of the Southern Ocean (1988)
- Data Coordination and Career
Stimulation in Polar Biomedical Research
(1988)
Other publications about Antarctica that are
currently available include
- An ongoing antarctic bibliography
prepared by the Library of Congress
(with NSF support) that abstracts and
indexes antarctic research literature from
around the world and published between
1951 and the present. Twenty-one
hardbound volumes and two cumulative
indexes have been published to date and
cite more than 50,000 titles.
- Current Antarctic Literature is a monthly
compilation of abstracts issued by the
Library of Congress staff who produce
the Antarctic Bibliography. It is available
free to working scientists and librarians
from NSF's Polar Information Program,
(703) 306-1031; by Internet,
dfriscic@nsf.gov.
- The Antarctic Bibliography is on line as
COLD (Orbit Search Service) and, with
other polar bibliographies, is on a CD-
ROM disk available from NISC, (410)
243-0797. It is scheduled to be on the
Internet in 1994. Further information is
available from NSF's Polar Information
Program, (703) 306-1031; by Internet,
gguthrid@nsf.gov.
- The U.S. Geological Survey has
reconnaissance maps of portions of
Antarctica at various scales. An Index to
Topographic Maps--Antarctica is available
from the Distribution Branch, U.S.
Geological Survey, Box 25286, Federal
Center, Building 41, Denver, Colorado
80225.
- Ice cores, ocean-bottom sedimentary
cores, terrestrial sedimentary cores,
dredged rocks, biological specimens,
meteorites, and ocean-bottom
photographs are available for study.
Further information regarding these
samples is in the Antarctic Research
Program Announcement and Proposal
Guide (NSF 93-49). For more
information on this publication, see
"Eligibility" elsewhere in this chapter.
The goal of the NSF Arctic Research Program
is to gain a better understanding of Earth's
biological, geophysical, chemical, and
sociocultural processes, and the interactions of
ocean, land, atmospheric, biological, and human
systems. Arctic research is supported at NSF by
the Office of Polar Programs (OPP) as well as
a number of other disciplinary divisions within
the Foundation.
OPP offers a focused multidisciplinary and
interdisciplinary scientific program that
emphasizes the unique character of the Arctic
region for scientific study. OPP disciplinary
programs encompass polar biology and
medicine, social sciences, Earth sciences, ocean
sciences, atmospheric sciences, and glaciology.
Research in the geosciences, biosciences, and
social sciences is linked through the Arctic
System Science Program to the U.S. Global
Change Program. The Arctic regions are among
the Earth's most sensitive to climate change.
The United States Arctic Research and Policy
Act of 1984 defines the Arctic as all areas north
of the Arctic Circle and all U.S. territory north
and west of the boundary formed by the
Porcupine, Yukon, and Kuskokwim Rivers; all
contiguous seas including the Arctic Ocean and
the Beaufort, Bering, and Chukchi Seas; and
the Aleutian chain. Field projects falling outside
these boundaries but directly related to arctic
science and engineering issues will be
considered, as will related laboratory and
theoretical studies.
The Foundation is one of 12 Federal agencies
that sponsor or conduct arctic science,
engineering, and related activities. It is
anticipated that the U.S. Navy will provide
access to nuclear submarines for research in the
Arctic. Researchers are strongly encouraged to
pursue this possibility directly with OPP and/or
the Ocean Sciences Division in the Geosciences
Directorate. Further information on other
agency programs is presented in the journal
Arctic Research of the United States, and the
U.S. Arctic Research Planand its Biennial
Revisions.
As the Arctic is the homeland of numerous
Native people, special attention must be given
to all aspects of research that may potentially
impact their lives. An interagency statement of
Principles for the Conduct of Research in the
Arctic has been developed and all arctic
research grantees are expected to abide by
these guidelines. A copy of these guidelines is
available from the Office of Polar Programs,
(703) 306-1031, and is reprinted in the Fall
1992 issue of Arctic Research of the United
States.
ARCTIC RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES
Arctic research projects are supported by OPP
as well as by regular NSF disciplinary divisions
and programs of the NSF. Dissertation
Improvement Grants are offered by the Arctic
Social Sciences and the Arctic System Science
Programs. In addition, Small Grants for
Exploratory Research (SGER) and Small
Business Innovative Research (SBIR) proposals
are encouraged by OPP. A compilation of all
NSF arctic and related research grants for each
fiscal year is available from NSF Forms and
Publications. The publication titled Arctic
Science, Engineering, and Education Awards:
Fiscal Year 1993 (NSF 94-105) lists all arctic
awards made in a one-year period and abstracts
of each project.
Listed below are the principal OPP and NSF
research programs that support arctic research.
Arctic Social Sciences Program
The OPP Arctic Social Sciences Program is a
multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary funding
program encompassing archaeology; cultural,
social, and physical anthropology; ethnology;
history; geography; sociology; psychology;
linguistics; political science; law; economics;
and related subjects. Interdisciplinary research
themes of particular concern are rapid social
change, community viability, and
human/environment interactions including
issues related to subsistence and sustainable
development. Global change projects are
especially encouraged and can be jointly funded
with the ARCSS Program. In conjunction with
the Polar Biology and Medicine Program,
research on human factors in the Arctic and
Antarctic is supported. Relevant themes are
small group interactions, stress and adaptation,
and cognition and performance.
Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program
The ARCSS Program is an interdisciplinary
OPP program, the goal of which is to
understand the physical, geological, chemical,
biological, and sociocultural processes of the
arctic system that interact with the total Earth
system and thus contribute to or are influenced
by global change. ARCSS has four linked
ongoing components: (1) Greenland Ice Sheet
Program (GISP2), (2) Paleoclimate of Arctic
Lakes and Estuaries (PALE), (3)
Ocean/Atmosphere/Ice Interactions (OAII),
and (4) Land/Atmosphere/Ice Interactions
(LAII). In the future, ARCSS will incorporate
synthesis, integration, modeling, and assessment
studies. In cooperation with the Arctic Social
Sciences Program, projects on
human/environment interactions will address
issues of system sustainability.
Specific program opportunities are announced
annually for single and multidisciplinary
investigations. Proposals are funded by OPP,
the Atmospheric Sciences and Ocean Sciences
Divisions within the Geosciences Directorate
(GEO), and by the Division of Environmental
Biology in the Directorate for Biological
Research (BIO).
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
The Office of Polar Programs and the
Atmospheric Sciences Division in the GEO
Directorate support projects in aeronomy,
atmospheric chemistry, climate dynamics, large-
scale dynamics meteorology, magnetospheric
physics, mesoscale dynamic meteorology,
physical meteorology, and solar-terrestrial
research. Traditionally, research interest in
arctic meteorology is focused on stratus clouds,
tropospheric chemistry, radiation balance, arctic
lows, and arctic haze. Research on past climates
and atmospheric gases as preserved in snow
and ice cores has also been supported in the
arctic, as has research on atmosphere-sea and
atmosphere-ice interactions.
In upper atmospheric physics, research currently
funded includes magnetosphere-ionosphere
coupling, the plasmapause, and wave particle
interactions. Very low frequency and ultra-low
frequency waves are used as diagnostic tools. In
the past this work has been carried out through
conjugate studies in Antarctica and the Arctic
through OPP's Polar Aeronomy and
Astrophysics Program.
BIOLOGY
OPP's Polar Biology and Medicine Program
supports projects emphasizing the adaptation of
organisms to the arctic environment. Biological
studies in the Arctic include support of research
in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial biology;
organismal adaptation to the arctic
environment; ecology; ecosystem structure and
processes; and the biological consequences of
ultraviolet radiation. Accelerated interest in the
Arctic as a source of natural resources has
stimulated research on the effects of man's
activities on the environment and in its
protection and management.
A special component of the program focuses on
human factors research in the Arctic and
Antarctic in collaboration with the Arctic Social
Sciences Program (refer to information above).
The Division of Environmental Biology in the
BIO Directorate supports programs in ecology,
ecosystems studies, population biology and
physiological ecology, conservation biology,
systematic biology, and biological research
resources.
EARTH SCIENCES
The Earth Sciences Division in the GEO
Directorate supports programs in continental
dynamics, geology and paleontology, geophysics,
petrology and geochemistry, and
instrumentation and facilities. Research
supported by the OPP Earth Sciences Program
includes geological and geophysical
investigations in, but not limited to, physical
and chemical processes active at or near the
Earth's surface, paleomagnetism, stratigraphy,
soil genesis, geological hazards, heat flow,
permafrost, seismology, tectonics, crustal
structure, origin of the Arctic Basin, and
paleoecological and paleoclimatic
reconstructions and comparisons with modern
environments. In addition to disciplinary
support, OPP funds basic research in
quaternary geology and paleoclimatology,
sedimentary geology and paleontology, and
surficial processes (including permafrost). The
Foundation does not support projects aimed at
prospecting for mineral occurrences or deposits.
ENGINEERING
The NSF Directorate for Engineering supports
research in bioengineering and environmental
systems, chemical and thermal systems, design
manufacturing and industrial innovation, and
civil and mechanical systems. Arctic topics of
interest include hydrology in cold environments,
thermodynamic and transport phenomena,
geomechanics, mitigation of natural and
manmade hazards, structures, and building
systems.
GLACIOLOGY
OPP's Glaciology Program is the focal point for
glaciological research within the Foundation.
Glaciological research is concerned with the
study of the history and dynamics of all
naturally occurring forms of snow and ice,
including seasonal snow, glaciers, and the
Greenland ice sheet. Program emphases include
paleoenvironments from ice cores, ice dynamics,
numerical modeling, glacial geology, and
remote sensing of ice sheets.
The Climate Dynamics Program within the
Atmospheric Sciences Division and the Geology
and Paleontology Program within the Earth
Sciences Division (both in the GEO
Directorate) also fund paleoenvironmental
research related to glaciology.
OCEANOGRAPHY
Oceanographic research in the Arctic
encompasses a variety of disciplines whose goal
is to develop knowledge of the structure of the
Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas, their physical
interactions with the global hydrosphere, and
the formation and maintenance of the arctic
sea-ice cover. Areas of interest are the
formation, movement, and mixing of arctic
water masses; the growth and decay of sea ice;
the exchange of salt and heat with the Atlantic
Ocean and the Bering Sea; magnetic anomalies,
heat flow, sedimentary history, and gravitational
values at the ocean floor; and the role of the
Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas in global
climate. The interdependencies of chemical and
physical processes and marine organisms and
productivity are considered here and under
Biology. OPP's Polar Ocean and Climate
Studies program emphasizes research related to
sea ice.
The Ocean Sciences Division in the GEO
Directorate supports programs in biological
oceanography, chemical oceanography, physical
oceanography, marine geology and geophysics,
and oceanographic technology. The Foundation
encourages the development of remote sensing
techniques and their use on remotely operated
vehicles.
SPECIAL PROPOSAL REQUIREMENTS
The Foundation arranges or provides logistics
for certain research in Greenland, at sea, and in
some ARCSS projects. In most other cases it is
the responsibility of the proposers to arrange
and budget for these items. The proposal must
include sufficient information to assure the
safety and feasibility of the fieldwork. It must
identify all proposed field personnel and their
qualifications. U.S.-sponsored research in
Greenland requires prior notification to the
Danish Commission for Scientific Research in
Greenland along with indemnification.
Investigators contemplating Greenland research
should request a copy of the Project
Proposal/Data Sheet for United States Scientific
Research in Greenland from OPP.
Deadlines and Proposal Submission
Effective January 1, 1995, the Arctic Social
Sciences and Arctic System Science Programs
will have two target dates: June 1 and
December 15. For arctic proposals submitted to
the Polar Biology and Medicine, Aeronomy and
Astrophysics, Glaciology, Earth Sciences, and
Ocean Sciences programs the deadline is
September 1. Proposals may be submitted as
early as two months before the deadline.
Most other NSF programs supporting proposals
for arctic research have no specific deadlines or
have several target dates per year. Contact
specific programs for these dates and refer to
the NSF Bulletin for announcements of program
deadlines and target dates.
For More Information
For further information on programs within
OPP, call:
- The Office of Polar Programs, (703) 306-
1030
- Arctic Social Sciences, (703) 306-1031
- Arctic System Science, (703) 306-1031
- Arctic Research and Policy, (703) 306-1031
- Polar Aeronomy and Astrophysics, (703)
306-1033
- Polar Biology and Medicine, (703) 306-1033
- Polar Earth Sciences, (703) 306-1033
- Polar Glaciology, (703) 306-1033
- Polar Ocean and Climate Systems, (703)
306-1033.