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Dr. Bordogna's Remarks

 


Trends in Science and Technology Policy: The Here and Now Versus the Ideal

Dr. Joseph Bordogna
Acting Deputy Director
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
Conference on New Vistas in Transatlantic
Science and Technology Cooperation
National Academy of Sciences

June 8, 1998

(As delivered)

Good morning. I am very pleased to participate in today's discussion of transatlantic science and technology cooperation. The last century is replete with transatlantic collaborations of every nature from national security alliances to matters as diverse as public policy and political elections, scientific exchanges, and arts and cultural events.

This plenary session on trends in science and technology policy is part of all of our nations' long tradition of bridging the broad Atlantic with good communication and good ideas. This conference to inaugurate cooperation under the new US-EU Science and Technology Agreement extends that tradition into the 21st Century.

My assigned topic for this talk is "Trends in Science and Technology Policy-the U.S. Perspective". While I speak to this, my comments will be focused primarily on what those trends should ideally be rather than what they necessarily are now. The title of my remarks is Trends in Science and Technology Policy: The Here and Now Versus the Ideal.

Many of us here today are civil servants in the broadest and most generous sense of that term. We serve as officials of public institutions which often tend toward bureaucratic-sclerosis over time. Our first task, it seems to me, should be to commit ourselves to proving INCORRECT the blessedly unknown scholar who said, "Bureaucracy defends the status quo long past the time when the quo has lost its status."

It is a humorous but not untrue commentary on the danger of institutions holding onto the past instead of lifting their sights to the future. Our task is to recognize and retain what is valuable from the past while envisioning a future based on inevitable change.

I should add that although the definition of bureaucracy refers primarily to the public sector, bureaucrats have been known to exist in the private sector too. The difference is often their briefer period of survival. We are fortunate indeed to have the able participation and advice of some of industry's best talent with us for this conference.

Let me begin with a comment by paleontologist and evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould from his recent essay in Science magazine (Science, February 6, 1998). He said, "...science cannot be separated from political change, if only because the primary motor of social reorganization throughout human history, from the advent of agriculture to the acme of modern industry, has been fueled by...scientific knowledge."

Although scientist and non-scientist alike can marvel at the power of our knowledge in science and technology, it is the intersection of this knowledge with the goals and needs of society that is our larger responsibility.

From the first time that humans left the confines of this planet to venture into space close to four decades ago, the limited circle of our globe and the even tighter circle of our dependency on each other have become increasingly apparent. Those first photographs of Earth taken from space spoke not only of our shape and size in the universe but of our unity. We are all citizens of the small blue planet. And on this planet, the advancement of civilization has, in many respects, been driven by the scientific and engineering research of each succeeding generation.

We can all agree that science is a force absolutely fundamental to our well-being and, in fact, survival. Indeed, science and society are interdependent. There is an inextricable relationship between the diverse science, engineering, and technology activities in all our nations and the public policy efforts that enable populations, economies, and nations to reap maximum benefit from advances in knowledge and understanding.

Although we know this connection by both instinct and by example, we are only slowly coming to the recognition that science and technology, and its concomitant policy, must be seriously concerned with the many and great unsolved problems of humankind. This latter premise moves our planning and projections to another, quite different, level.

I do not in any way lightly dismiss the consistent increase in science, engineering, and technological knowledge that moves across national borders. Neither do I discount the widening net of international collaborations, not only among our nations, but with all nations. These are positive and contributory trends.

But none of us can escape the contradiction in contemporary society that we are able to do increasingly outstanding science at the same time that many societal disparities and problems are also increasing. Those of us in the science and technology policy community are in a unique position to address these issues. The deliberations of this very meeting can establish, for the record, a distinction between the current trends in science and technology policy and the ideal trends for the very same.

Although many in the science and engineering community may not think of these matters as their individual responsibility, one of history's most eminent scientists spoke of this very issue decades ago. In 1931--before World War II and in the deepest days of economic depression, Einstein admonished the science community in an address at the California Institute of Technology.

He said, "Concern for man himself and his fate must always form the chief interest of all technical endeavors, concern for the great unsolved problems of the organization of labor and the distribution of goods--in order that the creations of our mind shall be a blessing and not a curse to mankind. Never forget this in the midst of your diagrams and equations."

Here we are, sixty-seven years later finally building consensus for his wisdom. Einstein takes us back to our fundamental values as guidance -- our concern for humanity and its fate. It is I believe in those terms that we must work toward the more ideal trends in science and technology policy in the 21st century.

Since the end of the Cold War in 1989, the era of East-West rivalry has been eclipsed by an emerging era of North-South realities and relationships. President Clinton's recent trip to Africa exemplifies this recognition. India and Pakistan's recent nuclear testing is also part of that new reality. This emerging era comes with new challenges, interdependent consequences, shared international responsibilities, and mutual opportunities. Much of the opportunity will be powered by the world science and engineering community.

There is a global imperative to close the widening gap between haves and have-nots--not through hand-outs or hand-downs but through building knowledge and capacity in poorer nations to enable them to create their own wealth...although America is thought of as a rich industrial nation we are facing a similarly widening division within our own borders. Many of your nations are experiencing similar phenomena. The gap between rich and poor, and skilled and unskilled in our nations or elsewhere in the world cannot bode well for our collective future.

In 1960, the world population was 3 billion. We all know that by the turn of the century we will double that number to 6 billion. This will have occurred in less than four decades. Most of the world's population growth and much of its economic expansion will occur in the Southern Hemisphere. Here too will exist the potential for the deepest problems of hunger, poverty, and disease, as well as for energy supply, vast environmental devastation and their incumbent emergencies.

Although the 130 plus developing countries already account for 4/5 of the world's people, they only account for 1/6 of its economic output. This pervasive condition of poverty devastates individuals as well as nations, and has far reaching implications for all the world's citizens and nations. Poverty degrades the dignity of us all as human beings no matter where it occurs, North, South, East or West.

It is clear that Einstein would have us be mindful to think not only of saving our planet for future generations, but of saving the planet's current generation. Our reverence for humanity's habitat must include a reverence and compassion for humanity itself. Our only hope of saving either rests in a commitment to save both. Sustainable development cannot mean sustaining poverty in those places where it exists.

The major problems facing the whole global society are human problems. And they will require more than technical solutions. These problems emerge out of complex patterns of overlapping consequences.

For example, over the last several decades, the investment that industrial nations have made in improved nutrition, medical technologies, and public health have all coalesced to boost life expectancy in Europe and the United States from less than 47 years in 1890 to 75.5 years in 1993. Japan has done even better. More recently, this trend is also emerging in developing countries. (Science. Vol. 273 . July 5, 1996) This is surely an advance to celebrate for all humanity.

However, as this life-expectancy trend increases, nations will struggle to support these elderly populations with a decreasing proportion of their populations at wage-earning age. Thus our triumph of better health and longer life will also pose an economic dilemma. Our job will be to create opportunity from this and other impending dilemmas.

We cannot deny that there are overlapping consequences of poverty, planetary devastation, illiteracy, aging populations, communicable diseases, mass migrations of immigrants, agricultural output, energy supply, and others. Grappling with these issues collectively might seem like a completely unmanageable task, at best. But we do not have the luxury of making choices. We do have new technological tools for innovative approaches. We can, indeed, make the same leaps of majestic proportion that created every other milestone of human progress.

We know that energy, environment, and economics form the triple challenge of the coming century; they are inextricably wedded. We know that despite national and cultural differences, every nation --big or small, rich or impoverished, agricultural or industrial or post-industrial (as some speculate), democratic or dictatorial -- each is woven into the interlaced fabric, some would say a post-industrial digital fabric, of the world's economy and ecology.

We may be gathered today to contemplate future collaborations among our several nations, and through the European Union, but our vision must necessarily encompass a far broader concern. These discussions are transatlantic by association. But our genuine universe of thought must be trans-global if we are to move from the "here and now in science and technology trends toward the ideal."

I wish you every success in defining areas not only for transatlantic cooperation but for global vision as well. Thank you.

 

 
 
     
 

 
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