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News Release 08-034

Tax Rebates Versus Tax Bonuses

How the government describes tax checks may determine whether the payments stimulate the economy

Stacks of money

People are more likely to spend "bonus" money than "rebate" money.


February 28, 2008

This material is available primarily for archival purposes. Telephone numbers or other contact information may be out of date; please see current contact information at media contacts.

On Feb. 13, 2008, the president signed a $168 billion stimulus package designed to give $300, $600 or $1,200 checks to more than 100 million Americans. It was the second time in seven years that lawmakers agreed to return additional tax money in hopes that people would spend it to stimulate a sluggish economy. A key question: Will those receiving checks spend enough to have the desired effect?

Economic theory says "yes" -- give people money and they will spend it. But Nicholas Epley, a professor of behavioral science at the University of Chicago, Graduate School of Business, says the actual answer depends on more than simply giving people more money. Epley, whose findings come from several heuristic research studies, says that the way the government characterizes the money can have a major impact on whether or not people choose to spend it.

"Decisions about whether checks from the government will be spent or saved depend very heavily on how people's options are described," says Epley. "If the goal is to increase consumer spending, the checks should have been pitched [to the American public in recent months] as 'tax bonuses' instead of 'tax rebates.'

"People are much more liberal about spending a bonus or a windfall than they are spending money thought of as part of their income," said Epley. "People consider a 'tax bonus' a windfall, but consider a 'tax rebate' more like their regular income."

Epley's research was funded by the Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences Directorate at the National Science Foundation, Arlington, Va., as part of a larger research program designed to investigate the psychology of judgment and decision making.

The project was undertaken by Epley and research partners Lorraine Chen Idson, a former assistant professor of business administration at Harvard University Business School in Boston, Mass., and Dennis Mak, a former Harvard University undergraduate.

The research shows that how a financial windfall is described or "framed" can dramatically influence people's choices. It turns out people are more likely to spend what seems like extra money -- money described as a "bonus" -- than they are to spend money that seems like returned income -- money described as a "rebate."

"We were genuinely surprised by the size of the framing effect we observed," said Epley, who conducted several experiments in which participants were given $50 checks or $25 in cash, depending on the experiment, alternately described as rebates and bonuses.

In one in-lab experiment, those given $25 described as a rebate spent $2.43 on items sold to them in the lab, whereas those given $25 described as a bonus spent $11.16 -- over 400 percent more.

The results may explain the apparently low spending rates observed immediately following the 2001 tax rebates, in which the government refunded $300 and $600 checks to taxpayers.

According to Epley, this is a sign of the power that seemingly mundane psychological variables can have on the effectiveness of public policy. He argues that psychologists are not consulted as much as they could be when lawmakers are thinking about the design and implementation of major public policies.

"A second implication follows from the first," he says. "If varying descriptions, designs, or other psychological variables matter for the effectiveness of a policy, then it might be of considerable value to run some small-scale pilot studies to identify which designs or descriptions might be the most effective.

"Market researchers do a great deal of this, but it's not so clear that this is done as much as it could be in public policy circles."

-NSF-

Media Contacts
Bobbie Mixon, NSF, (703) 292-8485, email: bmixon@nsf.gov

Program Contacts
Robert E. O'Connor, NSF, (703) 292-7263, email: roconnor@nsf.gov

The U.S. National Science Foundation propels the nation forward by advancing fundamental research in all fields of science and engineering. NSF supports research and people by providing facilities, instruments and funding to support their ingenuity and sustain the U.S. as a global leader in research and innovation. With a fiscal year 2023 budget of $9.5 billion, NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and institutions. Each year, NSF receives more than 40,000 competitive proposals and makes about 11,000 new awards. Those awards include support for cooperative research with industry, Arctic and Antarctic research and operations, and U.S. participation in international scientific efforts.

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