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Chapter 3

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Figure 3-1

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Figure 3-1. Science and technology employment: 1950–2009

Figure 3-2

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Figure 3-2. Average annual growth rates of S&E occupations and total workforce: 1960–2009

Figure 3-3

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Figure 3-3. U.S. workforce in S&E occupations: 1983–2010

Figure 3-4

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Figure 3-4. Annual average growth rate of degree production and occupational employment, by S&E field: 1980–2000

Figure 3-5

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Figure 3-5. Educational attainment, by type of occupation: 2009

Figure 3-6

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Figure 3-6. S&E degree background of workers in S&E occupations: 2008

Figure 3-7

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Figure 3-7. S&E degree holders working in S&E occupations, by degree field: 2008

Figure 3-8

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Figure 3-8. S&E degree holders employed in jobs related to highest degree, by years since highest degree: 2008

Figure 3-9

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Figure 3-9. S&E bachelor's highest degree holders employed in jobs closely related to degree, by degree field and years since degree: 2008

Figure 3-10

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Figure 3-10. Intersection of individuals with highest degree in S&E and S&E occupation: 2008

Figure 3-11

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Figure 3-11. Measures of the S&E workforce: 2008

Figure 3-12

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Figure 3-12. Employed scientists and engineers, by employment sector: 1993–2008

Figure 3-13

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Figure 3-13. S&E highest degree holders and S&E workers employed in business/industry sector, by employer size: 2008

Figure 3-14

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Figure 3-14. Industries that employ workers in S&E occupations: May 2010

Figure 3-15

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Figure 3-15. Self-employment rates of workers with highest degrees in S&E, by degree level and age: 2008

Figure 3-16

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Figure 3-16. R&D activity rate of employed S&E degree holders, by field and level of highest degree: 2008

Figure 3-17

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Figure 3-17. SEH doctorate holders with R&D as major work activity, by field and years since degree: 2008

Figure 3-18

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Figure 3-18. Domestic R&D employment in selected industries: 2009

Figure 3-19

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Figure 3-19. Unemployment rate, by occupation: 1983–2010

Figure 3-20

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Figure 3-20. Estimated unemployment rates over previous 3 months for workers in S&E occupations and selected other categories: March 2008–September 2011

Figure 3-21

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Figure 3-21. Measures of labor underutilization for S&E occupations and all occupations: March 2008–September 2011

Figure 3-22

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Figure 3-22. Unemployment rates for individuals with S&E as highest degree, by degree level and years since degree: 1999 and 2003

Figure 3-23

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Figure 3-23. Individuals with highest degree in S&E who are involuntarily working out of field, by degree level and years since highest degree: 1999 and 2003

Figure 3-24

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Figure 3-24. Median salaries for bachelor's degree holders, by broad field and years since degree: 2003

Figure 3-25

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Figure 3-25. Salary distribution of S&E degree holders employed full time, by degree level: 2003

Figure 3-26

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Figure 3-26. Median salaries of individuals with highest degree in S&E, by degree level and years since degree: 2003

Figure 3-27

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Figure 3-27. U.S.-educated SEH doctorate holders in postdoctorate positions, by doctorate field: 2008

Figure 3-28

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Figure 3-28. Women in S&E occupations: 1993–2008

Figure 3-29

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Figure 3-29. Highest degree holders in S&E not in the labor force, by sex and age: 2008

Figure 3-30

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Figure 3-30. Employed women with highest degree in S&E, by degree level: 1993–2008

Figure 3-31

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Figure 3-31. Level of S&E degree among workers with highest degree in S&E field, by race/ethnicity: 2008

Figure 3-32

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Figure 3-32. Estimated differences in full-time salary between women and men with highest degree in S&E, controlling for selected employment and other characteristics, by degree level: 2008

Figure 3-33

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Figure 3-33. Estimated differences in full-time salary between underrepresented minorities and whites with highest degree in S&E, controlling for selected employment and other characteristics, by degree level: 2008

Figure 3-34

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Figure 3-34. Estimated differences in full-time salary between men and women with highest degree in S&E, controlling for selected employment and other characteristics, by marital and parental status and degree level: 2008

Figure 3-35

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Figure 3-35. Foreign-born individuals with highest degree in S&E living in the United States, by place of birth: 2003

Figure 3-36

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Figure 3-36. Temporary work visas issued in categories with many high-skilled workers: FY 1989–2009

Figure 3-37

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Figure 3-37. Citizenship of new recipients of U.S. H-1B temporary work visas: FY 2009

Figure 3-38

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Figure 3-38. Plans of U.S. S&E doctorate recipients with temporary visas at graduation to stay in United States, by year of doctorate: 1989–2009

Figure 3-39

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Figure 3-39. Plans of U.S. S&E doctorate recipients with temporary visas at graduation to stay in the United States, by place of origin and year of doctorate: 1998–2001 and 2006–09

Figure 3-40

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Figure 3-40. Stay rates for U.S. S&E doctorate recipients with temporary visas at graduation, by selected year of doctorate: 1995–2009

Figure 3-41

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Figure 3-41. Workers older than age 50 in S&E occupations, by highest degree level and year: 1993–2008

Figure 3-42

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Figure 3-42. Age distribution of employed individuals with highest degree in S&E, by degree level and broad occupational area: 2008

Figure 3-43

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Figure 3-43. Age distribution among employed individuals with highest degree in S&E, by degree field: 2008

Figure 3-44

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Figure 3-44. Older individuals with highest degree in S&E who work full time, by age and degree level: 2008

Figure 3-45

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Figure 3-45. Estimated number of researchers in selected countries/regions: 1995–2009

Figure 3-46

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Figure 3-46. Researchers as a share of total employment in selected countries/regions: 1995–2009

Figure 3-47

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Figure 3-47. Top countries of origin of foreign-born persons having at least a tertiary education and residing in an OECD country: 2000

Figure 3-48

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Figure 3-48. R&D employment of U.S. multinational corporations at their foreign affiliates, and foreign MNCs at their U.S. affiliates: 1994, 1999, 2004, and 2009

Figure 3-49

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Figure 3-49. R&D employment of U.S. multinational corporations' parent companies in the United States and their foreign affiliates: 1994, 1999, 2004, and 2009

Figure 3-A

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Figure 3-A. Bureau of Labor Statistics projected increases in employment for S&E and selected other occupations: 2008–18

Figure 3-B

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Figure 3-B. Bureau of Labor Statistics projected job openings in S&E and selected other occupations: 2008–18
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