Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

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• Overview
• Chapters
• 1. Elementary and Secondary Mathematics and Science Education
• 2. Higher Education in Science and Engineering
• 3. Science and Engineering Labor Force
• 4. R&D: National Trends and International Comparisons
• 5. Academic Research and Development
• 6. Industry, Technology, and the Global Marketplace
• 7. Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding
• 8. State Indicators

Overview

Figure	Title	Image	Data
O-1	Estimated R&D expenditures worldwide: 1996–2009
O-2	R&D expenditures for United States, EU, and 10 Asian economies: 1996–2009
O-3	R&D expenditures as a share of economic output of selected regions/countries: 1996–2009
O-4	Average annual growth of R&D expenditures for United States, EU, and selected Asian economies: 1996–2007, 2007–08, and 2008–09
O-5	Location of estimated worldwide R&D expenditures: 1996 and 2009
O-6	R&D performed in the United States by U.S. affiliates of foreign companies, by investing region, and R&D performed abroad by foreign affiliates of U.S. multinational corporations, by host region: 1998 and 2008
O-7	U.S. multinational companies' R&D performed abroad: 1999–2008
O-8	First university degrees, by selected region/country: 2008 or latest data
O-9	First university degrees in natural sciences and engineering, by selected country/economy: 1998–2008
O-10	Doctoral degrees in natural sciences and engineering, by selected region/country: 2000 to most recent year
O-11	Average annual growth in number of researchers, by region/country/economy: 1995–2002 and 2002–09
O-12	R&D employment of U.S.-based multinational corporations: 1994, 1999, 2004, and 2009
O-13	S&E journal articles produced, by selected region/country: 1995–2009
O-14	Engineering journal articles produced, by selected region/country: 1995–2009
O-15	Engineering journal articles as a share of total S&E journal articles, by selected region/country: 1995–2009
O-16	Research articles with international coauthors, by selected region/country/economy: 1989–2009
O-17	Internationally coauthored articles with authors in Asia, by Asian author location: 1989–2009
O-18	U.S. research collaborations with EU and selected Asian countries/economies: 2000–10
O-19	EU research collaborations with the United States and selected Asian countries/economies: 2000–10
O-20	Chinese research collaborations with the United States, EU, and selected Asian countries/economies: 2000–10
O-21	Share of selected region's/country's citations to international literature: 2000–10
O-22	Intra-Asia citation patterns for China, Asia-8, and Japan: 1999–2010
O-23	Citations of U.S. research articles in non-U.S. literature, by region/country: 1998–2010
O-24	Share of U.S. patents granted to non-U.S. inventors, by inventor region/country: 1992–2010
O-25	Global high-value patents, by selected region/country: 2000–08
O-26	Global value added of knowledge- and technology-intensive industries: 1998–2010
O-27	Value added of commercial knowledge-intensive services, by selected region/country: 1998–2010
O-28	Value added of high-technology manufacturing industries, by selected region/country: 1998–2010
O-29	Value added of computer and office machinery manufacturing, by selected region/country: 1998–2010
O-30	U.S. high-technology manufacturing employment: 2000–10
O-31	Value of U.S. high-technology manufacturing output per 1,000 employees: 2000–10
O-32	Exports of commercial knowledge-intensive services, by selected region/country: 1998–2010
O-33	High-technology exports, by selected region/country: 1998–2010
O-34	Share of global high-technology exports, by selected region/country: 1998–2010
O-35	Asia-8 global high-technology exports to United States/EU and China: 1998–2010
O-36	China's high-technology exports to selected regions/countries: 1998–2010
O-37	Trade balance of high-technology goods, by selected region/country: 1998–2010
O-38	Trade balance in knowledge-intensive services and intangible assets, by selected region/country: 1997–2009

1. Elementary and Secondary Mathematics and Science Education

Figure	Title	Image	Data
1-1	Average NAEP mathematics scores of students in grades 4 and 8: Selected years, 1990–2009
1-2	Average NAEP science scores of students in grade 4, by student and school characteristics: 2009
1-3	Ninth-graders proficient in various algebra skill areas, by race/ethnicity: 2009
1-4	Average PISA mathematics and science literacy scores of 15-year-old students in the United States and OECD countries: 2003, 2006, and 2009
1-5	Average total and advanced mathematics and science credits earned by high school graduates: Selected years, 1990–2009
1-6	High school graduates completing various advanced mathematics courses, by subject: Selected years, 1990–2009
1-7	High school graduates completing various advanced science and engineering courses, by subject: Selected years, 1990–2009
1-8	Participation of new public middle and high school teachers in practice teaching, by teaching field and minority enrollment: Academic year 2007–08
1-9	Participation of public middle and high school teachers in professional development activities during past 12 months, by topic: Academic year 2007–08
1-10	Duration of professional development received by public middle and high school teachers in the content of subject(s) taught, by teaching field: Academic year 2007–08
1-11	Salaries of public middle and high school mathematics teachers and teacher satisfaction with salaries, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic year 2007–08
1-12	Perceptions of working conditions of public middle and high school mathematics teachers, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic year 2007–08
1-13	Serious student problems reported by public middle and high school mathematics teachers, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic years 2003–04 and 2007–08
1-14	High school graduation rates, by OECD country: 2008
1-15	Immediate college enrollment rates among high school graduates, by sex: 1979–2009
1-A	Average NAEP mathematics scores of public school students in grades 4, 8, and 12, by charter school status: Selected years, 2003–09
1-B	One-year attrition rate of public school teachers, by teaching field: Selected academic years, 1988–89 to 2008–09

2. Higher Education in Science and Engineering

Figure	Title	Image	Data
2-1	Community college attendance among recent recipients of S&E degrees, by field of highest degree: 1999 and 2008
2-2	Reasons for attending community college among recent S&E graduates: 1999 and 2008
2-3	Average annual tuition, fees, room, and board for public and private 4-year institutions, total student aid dollars, and median income: 2000–10
2-4	Full-time S&E graduate students, by field and mechanism of primary support: 2009
2-5	Full-time S&E graduate students with primary support from federal government, by field: 2009
2-6	Freshmen intending S&E major, by race/ethnicity: 1995–2010
2-7	Engineering: Freshmen intentions and degrees, by sex
2-8	Engineering: Freshmen intentions and degrees, by race/ethnicity
2-9	Natural sciences: Freshmen intentions and degrees, by sex
2-10	Natural sciences: Freshmen intentions and degrees, by race/ethnicity
2-11	Foreign undergraduate student enrollment in U.S. universities, by top 10 places of origin and field: November 2010
2-12	U.S. engineering enrollment, by level: 1989–2009
2-13	S&E bachelor's degrees, by field: 2000–09
2-14	Women's share of S&E bachelor's degrees, by field: 2000–09
2-15	Share of S&E bachelor's degrees, by race/ethnicity: 2000–09
2-16	S&E master's degrees, by field: 2000–09
2-17	S&E master's degrees, by sex: 2000–09
2-18	S&E master's degrees, by race/ethnicity and citizenship: 2000–09
2-19	S&E doctoral degrees earned in U.S. universities, by field: 2000–09
2-20	S&E doctoral degrees earned by U.S. citizen and permanent resident underrepresented minorities, by race/ethnicity: 2000–09
2-21	S&E doctoral degrees, by sex, race/ethnicity, and citizenship: 2000–09
2-22	U.S. S&E doctoral degree recipients, by selected Asian country/economy of origin: 1989–2009
2-23	U.S. S&E doctoral degree recipients, by selected Western European country: 1989–2009
2-24	U.S. S&E doctoral degree recipients from Europe, by region: 1989–2009
2-25	U.S. S&E doctoral degree recipients from Canada and Mexico: 1989–2009
2-26	Attainment of tertiary-type A and advanced research programs, by country and age group: 2008
2-27	First university natural sciences and engineering degrees, by selected countries: 1999–2008
2-28	Natural sciences and engineering doctoral degrees, by selected country: 2000–08
2-29	S&E doctoral degrees earned by Chinese students at home universities and U.S. universities: 1994–2008
2-30	Internationally mobile students enrolled in tertiary education, by country: 2009
2-A	State appropriations to major public research universities: 2002–10
2-B	State appropriations to major public research universities per enrolled student: 2002–10

3. Science and Engineering Labor Force

Figure	Title	Image	Data
3-1	Science and technology employment: 1950–2009
3-2	Average annual growth rates of S&E occupations and total workforce: 1960–2009
3-3	U.S. workforce in S&E occupations: 1983–2010
3-4	Annual average growth rate of degree production and occupational employment, by S&E field: 1980–2000
3-5	Educational attainment, by type of occupation: 2009
3-6	S&E degree background of workers in S&E occupations: 2008
3-7	S&E degree holders working in S&E occupations, by degree field: 2008
3-8	S&E degree holders employed in jobs related to highest degree, by years since highest degree: 2008
3-9	S&E bachelor's highest degree holders employed in jobs closely related to degree, by degree field and years since degree: 2008
3-10	Intersection of individuals with highest degree in S&E and S&E occupation: 2008
3-11	Measures of the S&E workforce: 2008
3-12	Employed scientists and engineers, by employment sector: 1993–2008
3-13	S&E highest degree holders and S&E workers employed in business/industry sector, by employer size: 2008
3-14	Industries that employ workers in S&E occupations: May 2010
3-15	Self-employment rates of workers with highest degrees in S&E, by degree level and age: 2008
3-16	R&D activity rate of employed S&E degree holders, by field and level of highest degree: 2008
3-17	SEH doctorate holders with R&D as major work activity, by field and years since degree: 2008
3-18	Domestic R&D employment in selected industries: 2009
3-19	Unemployment rate, by occupation: 1983–2010
3-20	Estimated unemployment rates over previous 3 months for workers in S&E occupations and selected other categories: March 2008–September 2011
3-21	Measures of labor underutilization for S&E occupations and all occupations: March 2008–September 2011
3-22	Unemployment rates for individuals with S&E as highest degree, by degree level and years since degree: 1999 and 2003
3-23	Individuals with highest degree in S&E who are involuntarily working out of field, by degree level and years since highest degree: 1999 and 2003
3-24	Median salaries for bachelor's degree holders, by broad field and years since degree: 2003
3-25	Salary distribution of S&E degree holders employed full time, by degree level: 2003
3-26	Median salaries of individuals with highest degree in S&E, by degree level and years since degree: 2003
3-27	U.S.-educated SEH doctorate holders in postdoctorate positions, by doctorate field: 2008
3-28	Women in S&E occupations: 1993–2008
3-29	Highest degree holders in S&E not in the labor force, by sex and age: 2008
3-30	Employed women with highest degree in S&E, by degree level: 1993–2008
3-31	Level of S&E degree among workers with highest degree in S&E field, by race/ethnicity: 2008
3-32	Estimated differences in full-time salary between women and men with highest degree in S&E, controlling for selected employment and other characteristics, by degree level: 2008
3-33	Estimated differences in full-time salary between underrepresented minorities and whites with highest degree in S&E, controlling for selected employment and other characteristics, by degree level: 2008
3-34	Estimated differences in full-time salary between men and women with highest degree in S&E, controlling for selected employment and other characteristics, by marital and parental status and degree level: 2008
3-35	Foreign-born individuals with highest degree in S&E living in the United States, by place of birth: 2003
3-36	Temporary work visas issued in categories with many high-skilled workers: FY 1989–2009
3-37	Citizenship of new recipients of U.S. H-1B temporary work visas: FY 2009
3-38	Plans of U.S. S&E doctorate recipients with temporary visas at graduation to stay in United States, by year of doctorate: 1989–2009
3-39	Plans of U.S. S&E doctorate recipients with temporary visas at graduation to stay in the United States, by place of origin and year of doctorate: 1998–2001 and 2006–09
3-40	Stay rates for U.S. S&E doctorate recipients with temporary visas at graduation, by selected year of doctorate: 1995–2009
3-41	Workers older than age 50 in S&E occupations, by highest degree level and year: 1993–2008
3-42	Age distribution of employed individuals with highest degree in S&E, by degree level and broad occupational area: 2008
3-43	Age distribution among employed individuals with highest degree in S&E, by degree field: 2008
3-44	Older individuals with highest degree in S&E who work full time, by age and degree level: 2008
3-45	Estimated number of researchers in selected countries/regions: 1995–2009
3-46	Researchers as a share of total employment in selected countries/regions: 1995–2009
3-47	Top countries of origin of foreign-born persons having at least a tertiary education and residing in an OECD country: 2000
3-48	R&D employment of U.S. multinational corporations at their foreign affiliates, and foreign MNCs at their U.S. affiliates: 1994, 1999, 2004, and 2009
3-49	R&D employment of U.S. multinational corporations' parent companies in the United States and their foreign affiliates: 1994, 1999, 2004, and 2009
3-A	Bureau of Labor Statistics projected increases in employment for S&E and selected other occupations: 2008–18
3-B	Bureau of Labor Statistics projected job openings in S&E and selected other occupations: 2008–18

4. R&D: National Trends and International Comparisons

Figure	Title	Image	Data
4-1	U.S. total R&D expenditures: 1953–2009
4-2	Ratio of U.S. R&D to gross domestic product, roles of federal and nonfederal funding for R&D: 1953–2009
4-3	Shares of U.S. total R&D expenditures, by performing sector and funding source: 2009
4-4	U.S. R&D, by performing and funding sectors: 1953–2009
4-5	U.S. total R&D expenditures, by source of funding: 1953–2009
4-6	U.S. R&D by character of work, basic research by performing sector, and basic research by source of funds: 2009
4-7	Domestic R&D performed and paid for by the company as a percentage of domestic net sales: 2008
4-8	Shares of domestic R&D performed in the United States, by industry group: 2008
4-9	Regional shares of R&D performed abroad by foreign affiliates of U.S. MNCs: 1997–2008
4-10	Federal budget authority for R&D, by budget function: FY 1980–2010
4-11	Federal obligations for R&D and R&D plant: FY 1980–2009
4-12	Federal obligations for R&D, by agency and character of work: FY 2009
4-13	Federal obligations for research, by agency and major S&E field: FY 2009
4-14	Global R&D expenditures by region: 2009
4-15	Gross domestic expenditures on R&D by the United States, EU, and selected other countries: 1981–2009
4-16	Gross expenditures on R&D as share of gross domestic product, for selected countries: 1981–2009
4-17	Share of industrial R&D, by industry sector and selected country: 2007–10
4-18	Academic R&D financed by business, for selected countries: 1981–2009
4-A	Differences in U.S. performer-reported and agency-reported federal R&D: 1985–2009
4-B	Composition of gross domestic product, for selected countries/economies, by sector: 2010

5. Academic Research and Development

Figure	Title	Image	Data
5-1	Academic share of U.S. R&D performance: 1970–2009
5-2	Academic R&D expenditures, by source of funding: 1972–2009
5-3	Federal and nonfederal funding of academic R&D expenditures: 1996–2009
5-4	Academic R&D expenditures, by S&E field: 1999–2009
5-5	Changes in share of academic R&D, by selected S&E field: 1990–2000 and 2000–09
5-6	Federally financed academic R&D expenditures, by agency and S&E field: FY 2009
5-7	Sources of R&D funding for public and private academic institutions: FY 2009
5-8	Components of institutional R&D expenditures for public and private academic institutions: 1999–2009
5-9	Share of academic R&D, by institution rank in R&D expenditures: FY 1989–2009
5-10	Total and federally funded academic R&D pass-throughs: FY 2000–09
5-11	S&E research space at academic institutions, by field: FY 1999 and 2009
5-12	Current fund expenditures for S&E research equipment at academic institutions, by field: 1999–2009
5-13	SEH doctorate holders employed in academia, by type of position: 1973–2008
5-14	SEH doctorate holders employed in academia, by degree field: 1973–2008
5-15	Women as percentage of SEH doctorate holders with full-time employment in academia, by academic rank: Selected years, 1973–2008
5-16	SEH doctorate holders employed in academia, by birthplace: 1973–2008
5-17	Academic researchers as percentage of SEH doctoral employment, by position and involvement in research: 1973–2008
5-18	Primary work activity of full-time doctoral SEH faculty: 1973–2008
5-19	SEH doctorate holders with academic employment in postdoc position, by degree field: Selected years, 1973–2008
5-20	Recent SEH doctorate holders employed in academia, by position and years since doctorate: 1979–2008
5-21	SEH doctorate holders employed in academia with federal support, by position and years since doctorate: 1973–2008
5-22	World S&E articles, by author characteristic: 1988–2009
5-23	U.S. academic S&E articles, institutional authors, and author names: 1990–2010
5-24	Number of authors per U.S. academic S&E article, by S&E field: Selected years, 1990–2010
5-25	World and U.S. academic S&E articles coauthored domestically and internationally: 1990–2010
5-26	Average citations per S&E article, by country of author: 1992–2010
5-27	Share of selected country/region citations that are international: 2000–10
5-28	Share of U.S., EU, and China S&E articles that are in the world's top 1% of cited articles: 2000–10
5-29	Index of highly cited articles, by selected S&E field and region/country: 2000 and 2010
5-30	Chinese index of highly cited articles, by selected S&E field: 2000 and 2010
5-31	U.S. academic patents, by technology area: Selected 5-year averages, 1991–2010
5-32	U.S. university patenting activities: 2002–2009
5-33	Citations of U.S. S&E articles in U.S. patents, by selected S&E article field: 2010
5-34	Citations of U.S. S&E articles in U.S. patents, by selected S&E field and article author sector: 2010

6. Industry, Technology, and the Global Marketplace

Figure	Title	Image	Data
6-1	Global value added of knowledge- and technology-intensive industries for developed and developing countries: 1995 and 2010
6-2	Output of knowledge- and technology-intensive industries as share of GDP: 1995–2010
6-3	Output of knowledge- and technology-intensive industries as a share of GDP, by selected region/country: 1995 and 2010
6-4	Commercial KI service share of nongovernment services, by selected region/country: Selected years, 1995–2009
6-5	High-technology share of manufacturing sector for selected regions/countries: 1995–2010
6-6	Growth in GDP per employed person for selected regions/countries: 1990–2008
6-7	GDP per capita for selected developing economies: 1990–2008
6-8	Household broadband penetration, by selected region/country: 2009
6-9	ICT share of fixed capital investment for selected countries: 2000–08
6-10	Share of U.S. workers with ICT skills, by selected industry: 2009
6-11	Value added of commercial knowledge-intensive services, by selected region/country: 1995–2010
6-12	Growth of HT manufacturing and commercial KI industries for developed and developing countries: 1995–2010
6-13	Growth of HT manufacturing and commercial KI services for developed and developing countries: 2008–10
6-14	Growth of selected U.S. industries: 2008–10
6-15	Value added for communications services, by selected region/country: 1995–2010
6-16	Value added of high-technology manufacturing industries, by selected region/country: 1995–2010
6-17	Value added for selected manufacturing industries, by global share of selected region/country/economy:1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010
6-18	Value added for selected high-technology manufacturing industries, by global share of selected region/country/economy: 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010
6-19	Value added for ICT industries, by selected region/country/economy: 1995–2010
6-20	Global commercial KTI exports and production: 1995–2010
6-21	Global commercial KTI exports, by selected region/country/economy: 1995–2009
6-22	Exports of commercial knowledge-intensive services, by selected region/country/economy: 1995–2009
6-23	Global exports of selected services, by selected region/country/economy: 2008
6-24	Trade balance in commercial KI services for selected region/country/economy: 1995–2009
6-25	Export share of high-technology manufacturing production, by selected region/country/economy: 1995–2010
6-26	Exports of high-technology goods, by selected region/country/economy: 1995–2010
6-27	Trade balance of high-technology products, by selected product and region/country/economy: 1995–2010
6-28	U.S., EU, and Japan imports of communications and computer products, by selected origin: 2000 and 2010
6-29	U.S. exports of semiconductors, by selected destination: 2000 and 2010
6-30	Asia-8 exports of selected goods, by type and destination: 2000 and 2010
6-31	China's imports of semiconductors, by selected origin: 2000 and 2010
6-32	India and Singapore's exports of pharmaceuticals, by selected destination: 2010
6-33	U.S. trade in advanced technology products and U.S. exchange rate: 1995–2010
6-34	U.S. trade in advanced technology products, by selected region/country/economy and technology: 2010
6-35	Globalization indicators of U.S. multinationals in commercial knowledge-intensive services: 2000, 2004, and 2008
6-36	Globalization indicators of U.S. multinationals in high-technology manufacturing: 2000, 2004, and 2008
6-37	Share of U.S. manufacturing companies reporting innovation activities: 2006–08
6-38	Share of nonmanufacturing U.S. companies reporting innovation, by selected industry: 2006–08
6-39	USPTO patents granted, by nationality of inventor: 1995–2010
6-40	USPTO patents granted to non-U.S. inventors, by selected region/country/economy: 1992–2010
6-41	USPTO patents granted, by selected U.S. industry: 2009
6-42	New drugs approved by the FDA: 2000–10
6-43	Global triadic patent families, by share of selected region/country/economy: 1999–2008
6-44	U.S. trademark applications by U.S. and non-U.S.applicants: 1998–2008
6-45	U.S. trademark applications from non-U.S. applicants, by share of selected region/country: 2000, 2004, and 2008
6-46	Share of scientific and advanced-technology related classes of U.S. trademark applications: 2008
6-47	Number of U.S. high-technology firms, by size: Selected years, 2000–08
6-48	Growth in number of U.S. microbusinesses, by selected industry: 2000–08
6-49	Estimated U.S. angel investment: 2001–10
6-50	Investment in financing stages preferred by Angel Capital Association member groups: 2009
6-51	Investment in technology areas preferred by member groups of the Angel Capital Association: 2009
6-52	Global and U.S. venture capital investment: 2002–10
6-53	Non-U.S. venture capital investment, by region/country: 2005–10
6-54	U.S. venture capital investment, by financing stage: Selected years, 2002–10
6-55	Financial new investment in clean energy and technologies, by selected region/country/economy: 2004–10
6-56	Financial new investment in clean energy and technologies, by select energy and technology: 2004–10
6-57	Global venture capital investment in clean energy and technologies: 2004–10
6-58	Global venture capital investment in clean energy and technologies: 2004–10
6-59	Global government RD&D in clean energy and technologies, by technology area: 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009
6-60	Government RD&D expenditures for clean energy and technologies, by selected region/country: 2000–09
6-61	U.S. government RD&D expenditures on clean energy and technologies: 2007–10
6-62	U.S. government RD&D in clean energy and technologies, by share of technology area: 2005, 2007, 2009, and 2010
6-63	USPTO patents in clean energy and pollution control technologies, by U.S. and non-U.S. inventors: 1995–2010
6-64	USPTO patents granted to non-U.S. inventors in clean energy and pollution control technologies, by selected region/country: 1995–2010
6-A	Apparent domestic consumption of high-technology manufacturing industries, by selected region/country/economy: 1995–2010
6-B	Top 500 supercomputers by selected region/country: Selected years, 2004–10
6-C	Components of value added and value capture
6-D	Public stimulus funding for clean energy and technologies, by selected region/country: 2008–09

7. Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding

Figure	Title	Image	Data
7-1	Primary source of information about current news events, science and technology, and specific scientific issues: 2010
7-2	Primary source of information about current news events, science and technology, and specific scientific issues: 2001–10
7-3	Public interest in selected issues: 2010
7-4	Public interest in selected science-related issues: 1979–2010
7-5	Network nightly news coverage of science and technology: 1988–2010
7-6	Attendance at informal science and other cultural institutions, by institution type and education level: 2008
7-7	Mean number of correct answers to trend factual knowledge of science scale: 1992–2010
7-8	Correct answers to trend factual knowledge of science scale, by respondent characteristic: 2010
7-9	Mean number of correct answers to nanotechnology questions, by correct answers to trend factual knowledge of science scale: 2010
7-10	Understanding scientific inquiry, by respondent characteristic: 2010
7-11	Public assessment of scientific research: 1979–2010
7-12	Public opinion on whether government should fund basic scientific research: 1985–2010
7-13	Public assessment of amount of government spending for scientific research: 1981–2010
7-14	Public attitudes toward government spending in various policy areas: 2010
7-15	Public confidence in institutional leaders, by type of institution: 2010
7-16	Worry about quality of environment: 2001–11
7-17	Public attitudes toward stem cell research: 2001–10
7-18	Public attitudes toward whether scientific research that causes pain to animals should be allowed: 1988–2008
7-19	Public assessment of whether the quality of science and mathematics education in America is inadequate: 1985–2008

8. State Indicators

Figure	Title	Image	Data
8-1	Average fourth grade mathematics performance: 2009
8-2	Students reaching proficiency in fourth grade mathematics: 2009
8-3	Average fourth grade science performance: 2009
8-4	Students reaching proficiency in fourth grade science: 2009
8-5	Average eighth grade mathematics performance: 2009
8-6	Students reaching proficiency in eighth grade mathematics: 2009
8-7	Average eighth grade science performance: 2009
8-8	Students reaching proficiency in eighth grade science: 2009
8-9	Public school teacher salaries: 2010
8-10	Elementary and secondary public school current expenditures as a percentage of gross domestic product: 2009
8-11	Current expenditures per pupil for elementary and secondary public schools: 2009
8-12	Percentage of public high school students taking Advanced Placement Exams: 2010
8-13	Percentage of public high school students scoring 3 or higher on at least one Advanced Placement Exam: 2010
8-14	Percentage of public high school students scoring 3 or higher on Advanced Placement Calculus AB Exam: 2010
8-15	High school graduates among individuals 25–44 years old: 2009
8-16	Bachelor's degrees conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old: 2009
8-17	Bachelor's degrees in science and engineering conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old: 2009
8-18	Bachelor's degrees in natural sciences and engineering conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old: 2009
8-19	Science and engineering degrees as a percentage of higher education degrees conferred: 2009
8-20	Natural sciences and engineering degrees as a percentage of higher education degrees conferred: 2009
8-21	Science and engineering graduate students per 1,000 individuals 25–34 years old: 2009
8-22	Advanced science and engineering degrees as a percentage of S&E degrees conferred: 2009
8-23	Advanced natural sciences and engineering degrees as a percentage of NS&E degrees conferred: 2009
8-24	Science and engineering doctoral degrees as a percentage of S&E degrees conferred: 2009
8-25	Average undergraduate charge at public 4-year institutions: 2010
8-26	Average undergraduate charge at public 4-year institutions as a percentage of disposable personal income: 2009
8-27	Appropriations of state tax funds for operating expenses of higher education as a percentage of gross domestic product: 2010
8-28	State expenditures on student aid per full-time undergraduate student: 2008
8-29	State funding for major public research universities per enrolled student: 2010
8-30	Postsecondary degree holders among individuals 25–44 years old: 2009
8-31	Bachelor's degree holders among individuals 25–44 years old: 2009
8-32	Bachelor's degree holders potentially in the workforce: 2009
8-33	Individuals in science and engineering occupations as a percentage of the workforce: 2010
8-34	Employed science and engineering doctorate holders as a percentage of the workforce: 2008
8-35	Engineers as a percentage of the workforce: 2010
8-36	Life and physical scientists as a percentage of the workforce: 2010
8-37	Computer specialists as a percentage of the workforce: 2010
8-38	Technical workers as a percentage of the workforce: 2010
8-39	R&D as a percentage of gross domestic product: 2008
8-40	Federal R&D obligations per employed worker: 2008
8-41	Federal R&D obligations per individual in science and engineering occupation: 2008
8-42	State agency R&D expenditures per $1 million of gross domestic product: 2007
8-43	State agency R&D expenditures per employed worker: 2007
8-44	State agency R&D expenditures per individual in science and engineering occupation: 2007
8-45	Business-performed R&D as a percentage of private-industry output: 2008
8-46	Academic science and engineering R&D per $1,000 of gross domestic product: 2009
8-47	Science and engineering doctorates conferred per 1,000 employed S&E doctorate holders: 2008
8-48	Academic science and engineering article output per 1,000 S&E doctorate holders in academia: 2008
8-49	Academic science and engineering article output per $1 million of academic S&E R&D: 2009
8-50	Academic patents awarded per 1,000 science and engineering doctorate holders in academia: 2008
8-51	Patents awarded per 1,000 individuals in science and engineering occupations: 2010
8-52	High-technology establishments as a percentage of all business establishments: 2008
8-53	Net high-technology business formations as a percentage of all business establishments: 2008
8-54	Employment in high-technology establishments as a percentage of total employment: 2008
8-55	Average annual federal Small Business Innovation Research funding per $1 million of gross domestic product: 2008-10
8-56	Venture capital disbursed per $1,000 of gross domestic product: 2010
8-57	Venture capital deals as a percentage of high-technology business establishments: 2008
8-58	Venture capital disbursed per venture capital deal: 2010
8-A	U.S. map and list of abbreviations
8-B	Example state distribution chart		NA